Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/770

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lips as it were in the palate of a mouth, whofe opening is occupied by a (mail ligula, the piftil ftands, covered with a membrane; this finally becomes a membranaceous fruit, fome- times fhorter, fometimes longer, which contains a roundifh feed. Town. Inft. p. 21.

The Species of Fumitory enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe. 1. The common purple flowered Fumitory. 2. The com- mon Fumitory with white flowers. 3. The fine leaved Mont- pelier Funnitory, with white flowers. 4. The great Fumito- ry, with pale purple flowers. 5. The climbing Fumitory, with tendrils to lay hold on other things, with yellow flowers, black at the top. 6. The little fine leaved Fumitory., with bright purplifh red flowers. 7. The little fine leaved Fumito- ry, with variegated flowers. 8. The (mall procumbent fine leaved Fumitory. 9. The fmall Fumitory, with leaves like crooked fennel, and white flowers, each variegated with a iingie red fpot. 10. The fmall Roman Fumitory, with flix- weed leaves, n. The broad leaved climbing Fumitory. 12. The climbing Fumitory, with narrower leaves. 13^ The Spanifh rock Fumitory, with large heart fafhioned leaves, and compreffed feeds. 14. The greater hollow rooted Fumitory, with pale purple flowers. 15. The great hollow rooted Fu- mitory, with bright red flowers. 16. The great hollow rooted Fumitory, with white flowers. 17. The great hollow rooted Fumitory, with yellow flowers. 18. The great hollow root- ed Fumitory, with greenifh flowers. 19. The great bulbous rooted Fumitory, with folid roots, and 20. The (mailer bul- bous Fumitory, with folid roots.

The common Fumitory, which is frequent in our gardens and cornfields, and flowers in June, is efteemed a very great me- dicine in obft ructions of the liver and fpleen ; it attenuates ferous, bilious and aduft humours, and carries them gently off" by flroo! and urine. It is famous for the fcurvy, and is alfo given in infufion in the jaundice, and in the itch and all other cutaneous diforders. FUMIGATION (Cycl.) — Fumigations with cinnabar have often been recommended as very efficacious in fome of the worff. cir- cumftances of the venereal difeafe. From a cafe related in the Medic. EfT. Edinb. Vol. 4. Art. 8. it appears, that this practice may be attended with very violent effects. Half a dram of factitious cinnabar burnt under the nofe and mouth of the pa- tient, is there mentioned as having raifed a fpitting in three hours. FUMITORY, in botany, &c. SeeFuMARiA. FUMING, in metallurgy, the firflr calcination of the ores of metals, intended to diveft them of their fulphurs. Boerbaave's Chem. p. 76. See Roasting. FUNDAMENTO, in the Italian mufic, is in general every part that plays or fings the bafs; but the thorough bafs is more particularly fo called, becaufe it is the bafis or foundati- on of all harmony. BroJ]\ Di£t. Muf. in voc. FUNDUCL./E, an ^Egyptian coin, a fort of fequin of the value of a hundred and forty fix medines. Pocockh Egypt, p. 175. FUNDULUS, in zoology, a name ufed by many for the fmall fifh, called by others cobitis, and by the generality of people in England, the Joche. N'llli/gbbfs Hift. Pifc. p, 265, See Co- bitis. Fundulus is ufed alfo by Schoneveldt, and fome others to exprefs the common gudgeon. The confufion of calling two fifh by the fame name which is peculiarly appropriated to neither, is very evident in this and numerous other inftances; but it is always to be avoided by ufing expreffive and genuine names. Thus even the word gobio the common name of the gudgeon confounds that fifh with another very different ge- nus ; and Artedi is greatly to be applauded, who has found that our common gudgeon is no peculiar genus of fifh at all, but is a fpecies of the'eyprinus. As fuch he has given it the proper fpecific name of the five inch (potted cyprinus, with the lower jaw fhorter than the upper, and with two cir- ri or beards at the mouth; under this name the fpecies is al- ways to be known at fight, and can never be confounded with any other genus. Artedi, Gen Pifc. FUNERAL. See Burying and Burial. FUNGIFER lapis, the mujhroom bearing fane, a name given by authors to a coarfe ftone (bund in Italy and many other places lying near the furface of the earth, which they fay will at any time produce nutforooms, on being moiftened with warm water. FUNG1T7E, in natural hiftory, a name given by authors to a fpecies of fea coral, often found adhering to fea fhells, or to the larger corals in its recent flare, and very often found alfo foffil or buried at great depths in the earth; they are ufually immerged in ftone, and fbinttiines in clay. The more fre- 1 quent of thefe are of a conic fbape, fometimes they are flatted and difcoide, and ufually firmed longitudinally ; they fome- timB are found in their foflil fhite adhering to fhells ur corals, but more ufually feparate. To thefe and fome other bodies of this kind, Mr. Lloyd has given the name columella ; to one of them that of hranchlale, from its refembling the giils of a fifh ; and toanothcr, that of undulago, from its undulated fi- gure. Mil's Hift. of Foil', p. 641. fr'UNGOIDES, bajlard mufuroom, in boranv, the name of a

FUN

genus of plants, the characters of which are the fame with thofe of the fungus, from which it differs only in being of a, hollowed form, refemblinga cup, or empty open box. The fpecies of Fungaides, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe. I. The fmall cup/w?{Wr/.f.r, containing large feeds. 2. The faucer fhaped angular Fungoides. 3. The grey funnel fhaped Canada Fungoides. 4. The curled faucer fhaped Fungoides. 5. The coriaceous orange coloured Fungoldu. 6. The fear- let faucer fhaped Fungoides, with hairy edges, y. Tlie fear- let, faucer fhaped Fitngoides. 8. The brown Fungoides, with hairy edges, of the fhape of a drinking glafs. 9. The orange coloured fcutellate Fungoides. 10. The black fpotted fcutel- late Fungoides, and II. The tree Fungoides, of a ferrugineous colour within. Tourn. Inft. p. 560. FUNGOUS tumours. Seethe article Tumour. FUNGUS, mujhroom, in botany. See Mushroom. Fungus of the brain— Mr.Quefney allures us, that fpirits are not fo proper for preventing rhe growth of Fungufes from the brain, as balfam fiorivanti, or oleum terebinth. Mem. de l'Acad. de Chirurg. torn. I, Fungus, in mineralogy, a name given by Dr. Lifter, to a hlackifh bituminous fubftance, found in fome of the mines of Derbyfhire. It adheres to the fides of the filfures of rocks and lies in feams of the ftrata. It is of a blackifh colour and fatty fubftance, which never dries in the air, but always re- mains as moift, as when taken out of the mine. Some mof- fes of it are foft and like a jelly, others are hard and firm, and in thefe there are feveral lumps of pure bitumen in ma- ny parts. This is inflammable like refin. It is light, but breaks finer, and mines like good aloes when frefh broken, but that it is a little darker coloured, and has fome tinge of purple in it. In fome pieces the purple is wanting, and there is a green in the place of it. On being diftilled, it yields firft a limpid and infipid water, then a whitifh water of a fharp tafte, and fi- nally a yellow and clear oil, much refembling oil of amber, but the procefs affords no volatile fait in the neck of the re- ciever, in which it differs from amber when treated in the fame manner. Phil. Tranf. N". 6. See Succinum. Fungus oadi, a name given by fome of the writers on the dif- eafes of horfes, to a diftemper of the eye, to which that ani- mal alone is fubjefl. The firft author who has communicated an obfervation of this dilbrder to the world is Dr. Lower, in the Philofophical Tranfaftions. He obferves, that horfes a- lone are fubjea to it, and calls it a fpungy excrefcence of the uvea ; it is commonly of a dark musk colour, and grows out of the edge of the uvea, and though of little confequence in its firft ffages, yet if it grows very large, or if the number of thefe fungufes increale, it weakens and obftrufls the crea- ture's fight, and fometimes wholly takes it away. The uvea is a mufcular part, and its chief ufe is to dilate or contract itfelf in a proper manner' for the admiffion of objefls with as much light as the eye can bear, fo that the brighter the light is, to which the eye is expofed, the more this membrane is contracted* into a narrow compafs, and the more dark the place is, the more the opening is dilated. This fudden change, and the office of this part, may be more con- veniently feen in the eye of a cat, than in that of any other animal, but it is the fame in all, in a greater or lefler decree. If the edges of this coat be loaded with a very large excrefcence of this kind, or if feveral tho' fmaller grow all round it, it muft neceffarily happen, that the pupil, or fight, is very much if not totally obftrufled, and the creature fees very little, or not at all. The horfes of this kind are very ill furnifbed for feeing in the funfhine, but do very well in dark days, or in the dusk of the morning or evening, when the dileafe is not too violent.

A horfe moderately affliaed with this, ufually {tumbles in the middle of the day, but goes very well in the dusk, and if brought out of the liable into the clear funfhine will fuffer any one to put their finger up to the fight of his eye with- out flinching ; whereas when taken back into the ftable, he will not fuffer it to come within feveral inches without wink- ing, and toffing his head about. The dealers in hor- fes fometimes perceive this, and attribute it to over running or drawing, or to ftraining by any other means ; but this is not the cafe, for it is found to aftlcr. colts that have never been backed or rid, as well as thofe which have been worked. It is obfervable, that when thefe Fungufes grow in the eyes of young horfes, they become much fmaller, when the creature is taken to a dry meat in the ftable, and increafe again when they are turned out again to grafs. Whether this be owing to the difference of dry and moift food, is not eafy to de- termine, but it is moft probably owing to the difference of pafture; the horfe at grafs, being obliged to carry its head much lower, than thofe. which fc<:d in the ftable. The more in number, or the greater in bulk, thefe excfcfcences are, the more danger there is of the horfes wholly lofinsi its fight, and the degree of the diftemper is beft judged of, by turning the eye to the light, and obferving how much of the pupil is ob- ltrucred by it, and how much is free. Thole Fungufes that are fixed on the upper part of the uvea, are apt to grow the , largeft, and to hinder the fight moft ; and thole which

grow