Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/769

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mentcd or decreafed according to the number of wicks kept burning at a time.

The next degree of fire to this, is made of the lighter fuel, fuch as dry ftraw, leaves, twigs and the like : the next in order, is that from oils, wax, refin, pitch, &c. And laftly folid wood, coals, and turf may be employed for the ftrongeft. Thefe by means of proper furnaces made to contain different quantities, may be made to give a greater or lefs degree of a ftrong fire. To excite the greater!: degree of heat in a furnace, the rule is to ufe the denfeft fuel, and in the largeft quantity, and to have bellows placed all round the furnace : thefe are to be inceflantly blown, and directed to the central part of the fire, in which the matter to be worked upon is lodged. Thus the greateft degree of heat from culinary fires, is to be given, and this is fufficient for the known operations on metals, glafs, &c. Shaw's Lectures, p. 38.

It is a known truth, that fuel cannot confume by means of heat alone, without the admiflion of frefh air, and this is no way more clearly proved, than by this eafy experiment. Let a ftrong cylinder of iron, hollow within, be fitted with a firm skrew at each end, in the cavity of this cylinder, inclofe a long piece of charcoal, and then skrew up both the ends faft, and place the whole in a ftrong fire, let it continue there for feveral hours, and when it is taken out and cooled, open it, and the piece of charcoal will be found ftill black, in its own form, and no way apparently altered or diminifhed. It is plain from this, that the confumption of fuel depends up- on the rarefaction, diflodgement, brisk agitation, and difchargc of its oil, by means of frefh air ; and hence we have the rea- fon of the known rule of extinguishing fires by fmothering them.

FUGA demonum, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the hypericum, or St. John's-wort, Ger. Emac Ind. 2.

VUG AM fecit, in law, a term ufed where it is found by inqui- fition, that a perfon fled for felony, &c. And if flight and felony be found on an indictment for felony, or before the coroner, where a murder is committed, the offender (hall forfeit all his goods, and the iflues of his lands, till he is ac- quitted or pardoned : and it 13 held, that when one indicted of any capital crime, before juftices of oyer, &c. is acquitted at his trial, but found to have fled, he (hall, notwithstanding his acquittal, forfeit his goods; but not the ifTues of his lands, becaufe by the acquittal, the land is difcharged, and confe- quently the hTues. 3 Inft. 218. H. P. C. 27. 2 Hawk. P. C. 450. The party may in all cafes, except that of the coro- ner's inqueft, traverfe the finding of a fugam fecit ; and the particulars of the goods found to be forfeited, may be always traverfed : alfo whenever the indictment againft a man is in- fufficient, the finding of a fugam ferity will not hurt him. 2 Hawk. 451. making default in appearance on indictment, &tc. whereby outlawry is awarded, is a flight in law.

FULGURATING phofphorus, a term ufed by fome Englifh writers to exprefs a fubftance of the phofphorus kind, the pre- paration of which, does not feem to have been well known to any, but the inventor of it. It was prepared both in a li- quid and a dry form; and not only fhone in the dark in both ftates, but communicated its light to the things it was rubbed on. If inclofed in a glafs veiled well flopped, it fometimes would fugurate, or throw out little flafhes of light, and fome- times fill the whole vial with waves of flame. It does not need recruiting its light at the fire, or in the funfhine, like the phofphorus of the Bolonian ftone, but of itfelf continues in a ftate of fhining for feveral years together, and is feen as ibon as expofed in the dark ; the folid or dry matter always re- fembling a burning coal of fire, though not confuming itfelf. Phil.Tranf. N°. 134.

FULICA, in the Linnsean fyftem of zoology, the name of a diftinct genus of birds of the order of the anferes, the diftin- guifliing character of which is, that the beak is pointed, the thighs are half naked, and the forehead wholly naked. Ian- nmi Syftem. Nat. p. 46.

TheFulica is a water fowl diftinguifhed from the moor- hen kind, by having its toes widened by a membrane, tho' not joined together by it, or webb'd like the ducks. Of this there are two fpecies, the common coot, and a larger kind called tna- croide, or (liable de me?-, the fea devil.

The common coot is a confiderably large bird, weighing ufu- ally a pound and half, its beak is of a bluifh white, and is a finger's breadth and half long, fomewhat flatted and fharp at the point; its legs are bluifh or greenifh, it has femicircular membranes at the joints of its toes : but what is its molt ob- vious diftinct ion is, that it has from the beak to the crown of the head, a flelhy excrefcence, which is roundifh, (oft and fmooth, and is always naked or deftitute of feathers, and hence the bird is commonly called with us, the bald coot. It Is all over black above, but of a deeper black about the head, than in any other part, and its breaft and belly are of a fort of lead colour; its wing-feathers have a brownefs, mixed a- mong the black, and fome of them are tipped with white. The other fpecies or macroule, called by fJellonius^ the fulica Suprx,. Vol. I.

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major, is larger and of a finer black than this, and has a larg- er white excrefcence on its head.

The common coot is fo plentiful about Peterbourough in Northamptonfhire, that in the feafon of its laying, whole hampers full of its eggs, are there brought to mark- et and fold at an inconfiderable price ; the people boil them, and the {hell is fo thin, that they often eat them without tak- ing it off. Ray's Ornith. p. 239.

FULIGO metalkrum, a term uied by the chemifts, fometimes to exprefs arfenic, and fometimes crude mercury.

FULIGULA, in zoology, a name given by Gc-fner to a fpecies of duck, feeming to be the fame with a kind common on the Yorkfhire fhores. The fame author alfo defcribes another fpecies under the name of anas fuligula prima, which feems the fame with the capo nigra, cr tufted duck. See Capo Negro.

FULLER's earth (Cycl.) — The greateft quantity and tile fineft earth of this kind in the world, is dug in the pits at Wavedon, near Woburn in Bedfordfhire. The ftrata in thefe pits lie thus; from the furface to the depth of fix foot, there are fe- veral layers or beds of fand, all reddiln, but force lighter co- loured than others.Under thefe there is a thin ftratum of a fand- ftone, which they break through, and then there is the ful- ler's earth. The upper ftratum of this, is about a foot thick, and they call it cledge; this is thrown afide as ufelefs, being commonly foul'd with the fand, which originally covered it, and ufually infinuates itfelf coufiderably into it. After this, they come at the fine fuller's earth for fale, which lies to the depth of eight foot more. The matter of this is divided into feveral layers ; there being commonly about a foot and half between one horizontal fiifure and another. Of thefe feve- ral layers, the upper half where the earth breaks itfelf, is ting- ed red ; this feems to be owing to the running of the water on it, from among the fands above, fome of which are pro- bably of a ferrugineous nature, or have ferrugineous matter among them. This reddiih fuller's earth, the workmen call crop; and between the cledge and this, there is a thin ftratum of matter of lefs than an inch, which in tafte, colour and external appearance, refembles the terra Japonica of the {hops. This may probably alfo, have a {hare in the tinging of the earth, as the water may be coloured in running thro it. Phi- lof. Tranf. N?. 379. p. 419.

The lower half of the ftrata of fuller's earth, they call wall- earth ; this is untinged with the red colour of the other, and feems the moft proper for fulling. Under the fuller's earth, there is a ftratum of a rough and coarfe white ftone, about two foot thick; they feldomdig thro' this, but if they do, they find more ftrata of fand.

The ftratum of filler's earth feems all the way to lie very lev- el, not to rife and fall with the upper ftrata, for when the fur- face is higher, they always find they have farther to dig for it. There are a great number of perpendicular fifl'ures in the ftratum of fuller's earth, and befide this, it forms itfelf in eve- ry interval into a multitude of pieces of different fliapes and fizes by cracking. The place where it is dug, is that ridge of fand hills, which runs to Shotover in Oxfordshire ; and as the ftrata of the earth are ufually found to continue much the fame, for long tracts of ground ; it is probable, that the filler's earth ftratum runs the whole length of thefe hills, and that fomebody will at one time or other, be enriched by find- ing it in fome other part of their courfe.

FULLONICA terra alia, white filler's earth, in natural hif- tory, a name given by fome authors to the common white tobacco-pipeclay. Kentman's Nomenclat. FoJT. p. 11.

FULLO, in ichthyology, a name given by Theodore, Gaza, and others to the tench, or black cyprinus, called by the Greeks pfylon. See the article Tench.

FULLONIANI, in church hiftory, heretics who anathematiz- ed all who did not acknowledge, that Chrift fuffered in his divine nature ; or who diftinguiftied his human and paffible nature from his divine and impaffible. See Hofm. Lex in voc.

FULMINATING damp. See the article Damp, Cycl.

FULUSCULUM, in botany, a name given by the antienc Romans to a peculiar fpecies of mullein or verbafcitm, of which they ufed to make the wicks of the torches with which they kindled their funeral piles. The Greeks for the fame reafon called this fpecies necuia. Diofcorides indeed calls it lychmes, hvxvnic, and Nicander, thryallis fyvtti&ic. The way they ufed it was this: they beat out the ftalk of the plant, as we do hemp, and when it was feparated into loofe fibres, they plung- ed it into melted refin ; this gave it a confiftence again, and when cold, it was a kind of flambeau.

FUMADOES, in commerce, a name given to pilchards garba- ged and falted, then hung in the fmoak and prefied ; fo called in Spain and Italy, whither they are exported in great abun- dance. Vid. Stat. 14 Car. 2. cap. 31.

FUMARIA, fumitory, in botany the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of the po- lypetalous anomalous kind, approaching fomewhat to papili- onaceous ones, but confifting only ot two leaves, and as it were bilabiated, the upper lip running out into a tail behind, and with the under one joined to the ftalk. Between thefe II U lip s