Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/767

 FRU

FUG

their valves and cells, and at the fame time confider the hair of the skins of animals we feed on, the wool or down on herbs and fruit, and the fibres, veflels and nerves of plants which are not altered by the ftomach ; it will appear a won- der that inftances of this fort of mifchief, are not much more frequent. Cherry-ftones fwallowed in great quantities have occafioned the death of many people, and there have been inftances even of the feeds of ftrawberries, collefting into a lump in the guts, and caufing violent diforders, which could never be cured till they were carried off. Philof. Tranf. N°. 282. p. 1282. '

VsiViT-trees. There is in the Philofophical Tranfaflions, a method of making fruiU and flowers grow in winter inftead of dimmer without the common way of doing it by heat. This method is to take up the trees with their roots in the fpring- feafon juft as they begin to fhoot out their buds ; let them be placed upright in a cellar, and ftand there till the end of Sep- tember following, then fit veflels to them, and place the roots in them, covering them in a proper manner with earth, and bring them up into a common ftove, water them at times with a folution of the bignefs of a wallnut of crude fal armo- niac in a quart of rain water, and they will make their natu- ral progrefs as in fummer ; and in the months of February or March following, the fruit will be full ripe, and as well tailed as if it had grown on them in the common way, and ripened at its natural feafon. Philof. Tranf. N°. 282, p. 44. The fuperfluous (hoots from thefe trees mull be pruned off at fuch times of the year, when the trees are full of juice, and furnifhed for a farther fupply ; and by this means, there will be no marks of the wounds, they will clofe up fo perfectly. The manner of producing pyramidal trees by ingrafting, is not only applicable to fruit trees, but has been tried on oaks, limes and rofes, with the fame fuccefs. Vid. infra. Laurembergius tells us of a peculiar way of managing fruit trees for ready fervice and beauty, by means of which they will bear frmi the full year. The method is this : draw a branch of a fruit-xxee thro ? a pot of earth, and prick it full of holes with a knife, fo far as it is to ftand in the pot ; let it be well watered for the firft (even or eight days, to make it fhoot out a <*reat quantity of roots ; in the March following cut off the branch from the tree, and let it depend wholly on itfelf for nourifhment ; break the pot away, and place the clump of earth with the young tree in it in the place where it is in- tended to ftand. The author allures us it will partake fo much of the nature of the flock, as to bear fruit the firft year,

Phil. Tranf. N°. 3. /«'-.,.-■.

An anonymous author has given us in a treatife published at Hamburgh, under the title Anuenitates Hortenfes Nova, a new method of grafting trees, fo as to have very beautiful pyra- mids of fruit on them, which will exceed both in quantity, beauty and flavour, all that can be otherwife produced. _ This he fays he had long experienced, and the method he gives of doin^ it, is this. The trees are to be tranfplanted in autumn and all their branches cut off ; early in the following fummer, the young fhoots are to be pulled off, and the buds are then to be ingrafted into them, in an inverted direction ; this he fays, adds not only to the beauty of the pyramid but makes the branches a!fo more fruitful. Thefe are to be clofely connected to the trunk, and to be faftcned in with the common ligature; they are to be placed circularly round the tree, three buds in each circle, and thefe circles at fix inches diftance from one another. The old trees may be ingrafted in this manner, the fuccefs having been found very good in thofe of twenty years ftanding; but the moft eligible trees are thofe which are young, vigorous and full of juice, and have not more thicknefs, than a finger or two. When thefe young trees are tranfplanted, they muft be fenced round with pales to defend them from the violence of the winds, and there muft be no dung put to them till they are thorougly rooted, for fear of rotting them before the fibres fir ike. The buds ingrafted muft be fmall, that the wounds made in the bark to receive them, not being over large, may heal the fooner, and if any of the buds do not fucceed, which will be found in a fortnight, there muft be others put in their place. The wound made to receive thefe buds muft be a ftrait cut parallel to the horizon, and the piece of bark taken out muft be downward, that the rain may not get in at the wound. In the autumn of the fame year, this will be a green and flourifhing pyramid, and the next fummer it will flower, and ripen its fruit in autumn. A£t. Erud. Ann. 17 10.

FRUMENTUM faractnicum, in botany, a name by which fome authors exprefs the fagopyrum, or buck-wheat. Herm. Hort. Lugd. Bat. p. 263. , ,

Frumentum hdiatm, hulim corn, a name given by our Ameri- can planters to maiz. See Maiz.

FRUMENTATION, frumentatio, among the Romans, a largefe of corn bellowed on the people. This pradice of giving corn to the people, was a very antient cuftom among The Romans, and frequently uled to footh the turbulent hu- mour of the populace. At firft the number of thofe to whom this largefs was given,

Was indeterminate, till Auguftus fixed it at two hundred thou-

fand. Pitifc. Lex. ant. in voc. FRUMGYLD, in our old writers, is the firft payment made

to the kindred of a perfon flain, towards the recompence of

his murder. — Prima capitis ajiimatioms penfo vel fclutio, L. L.

Edmund. FRUMSTOL, in our old writers, the chief feat or manfion

houie ; which is called by fome the homejial. Leg. Ina?,

cap. 38. FRUSO, in zoology, a name given by fome to the coccothrauftes

crijlata Indica, commonly called the Virginia nightingale.

See Nightingale. FRUSSURA, in our old writers, a breaking down ; alfo a

ploughing or breaking up. Frujfora domorum, is houfe-break-

ing ; and frujfura terns, new broke land, Mon. Angl. Tom.

2. p. 394.

The word comes from the French fro'ffure, a bruife ; and that from the verb froijj'er, to bruife or break. FRTJSH or Frug, in the manege, is a fort of tender horn which arifes in the middle of the ible, and at fome diftance from the toe of a horfe ; it divides into two branches running towards the heel, in the form of a fork. FRUTEX JEtbiopiaa, in botany, A name given to the filver-

pine-tree. See PiNE-ftw. Frutex Africanns, in botany, a name given to a fpecies of trees brought from the Cape of Good Hope ; a defcription of which fee under the article fpurge-leaved Pine. FUCA, in ichthyology, a name given by Gaza, and fome other writers to the fifh called phycis, by Ariftotle, ./Elian and the other writers; and tinea marina, by Saivian and Rondele- tius. It is a fifh nearly allied to the genus of the blenni. FUCHSIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants fo called by Plumier, in memory of the famous botanift Fuchfius ; the characters of which according to Linnaeus are thefe : the cup has an undivided edge, and ftands upon the germen of the pif- til ; the flower confifts of one petal, which is a clavated tube, divided at the edge into eight fegments, which ftand nearly even one with another, and are pointed, the alternate ones being placed a little lower than the others. The flamina are four filaments of the length of the tube, the anthers are di- dymus, and of a roundifh figure ; the germen of the piftil is roundifh, and is placed under the flower-cup j the ftyle is fimple and of the length of the ftamina, and the ftigina is obtufe. The fruit is a roundifh berry, furrowed with four ftrong lines, and containing four cells. The feeds are nume- rous and placed in double rows, and are of an oval figure. It is to be obferved, that Plumier has figured only four ftamina in his genera plantamm, but in his hiftory, he has drawn eight, and this is a point, that can only be determined by fome perfon who fees the recent flower. Litmai Gen. Plant, p. 522. Plumier, p. 9. FUCUS, in botany, the name of a genus of plants ; the charac- ters of which are, that they are of a tough ftruclure, and grow under the water without affording any diftinguifhable flowers or feeds. See Tab. 1. of Botany, Oafs 17. The fpecies of funis enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe. 1, The common fez fucus with bladders. 2. The greater, broad-leav'd dentated focus. 3. The narrower-leav'd fez fo- cus with few bladders. 4. The focus with tumid extremities to the leaves, called by fome the fea oak with acorns. 5. The knotted fea focus. 6. The broad-leav'd fea focus with very few bladders. 7. The low, broad-leav'd fea focus without bladders. 8. The fmall narrow-leav'd fea focus. 9. The fmall broad-leav'd curled fea fucus. 10. The fmall Italian fimbriated and curled fea fucus. 11. The bullated, fhrubby fez focus with naked ftalks and compreffed bifid leaves. i2.The narrow-leav'd focus with broad veficles in the form of pods. 13. The podded fucus with very finely divided leaves. 14. The dwarf fhrubby bladder fucus. 15. The hand-like fez fucus with broad bifid leaves and long fwoln pods joined one to ano- ther. 16. The narrow-leav'd palmated fea fucus with verru- cofe bladders at the extremity of the leaves. 17. The low fo- \izceous focus refembling a hand. 18. The low membrana- ceous palmated_/HCKJ with fimbriated and curled edges. 19. The fez focus with roundifh fimbriated leaves bifid at the extremi- ties. 20. The great membranaceous many - leav'd focus. 21. The red membranaceous narrow-leav'd fucus with fringed edges. 22. The red membranaceous fea focus with broad leaves dentated at the ends. 23. The white membranaceous focus with very jagged fegments. 24. The yellowiih green fez focus making roundifh angles. 25. The low bifid-leav'd focus with broad membranaceous leaves, ufually verrucofe. 26. The fmall purple fez fucus. 27. The fez fucus with ve- ficles marginated with membranaceous edges. 28. The fea focus with tumid barbated leaves. 29. The long and broad belt-like fea fucus, called the fea girdle. 30. The fa focus with leaves like the bloody dock. 31. The arborefcent many- leav'd eatable fea girdles. 32. The broad-leav'd coriaceous focus. 33. The fhrub/«i-«j with leaves narrow at the bottom, and growing broader toward the ends. 34. The erect un- branched fea fucus with thick flefhy leaves divided at the ends.

35. Ttx