Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/759

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future into the internal part of the bone, by corrupting there it produces a caries, a fpina ventofa, or elfe incurable fiftulse, tabes and a fphacelus, which always require amputation of the limb, and frequently deftroy the patient. The fame accidents will happen in fraclures of any kind, when the extravafated blood mixes with the marrow and corrodes it. Hcijier'% Surg. p. 103.

Inftances have been known of the fraclure of the patella in perfons thoroughly found, where the part itfelf has received no hurt. The caufe of this is afcribed to the action of the rnufcles only. And many inftances might be given of frac- tures in the neck of the os femoris, in the middle of the hu- merus, tibia and perone, by the power of the rnufcles only, or fuch power at leaft as fhewed they have as great a mare in feveral fraclures afcribed to outward caufes, as they are fre- quently known to have in the fraclure of the tendo Achillis. We have an obfervation of a fraclure of the os humerus, by ^thc power of the rnufcles only, in the Philofophical Trans- actions, N°. 475. Sett. 15.

Fracture of the thigh. See Thigh*

FRACTURED, in a general fenfe, denotes fomething broken. See Fracture.

Extenfon of Fractured limbs. See Extension.

FRafcNA, a word ufed by fome anatomical writers, as a name for the fockets of the teeth.

FRAGA, Jirawbcrries. The antient Greeks ufed the word comari indifferently for the ftrawberries produced on the com- mon creeping plant, and for thofe which are the fruit of the arbutus or ftrawberry tree; they alfo evidently called the tree, and the plant which produced them both, by the fame name. For Theophraftus fpeaks of the wood of the comarus, and Theocritus tells us, of the oxen eating the comarus, and the goats lying all day in it. The Latin writers have copied this from the Greeks; and they alfo call indifcriminately the fruit of the arbutus, and that of the common ftrawberry plant, by the name fraga. All the Roman authors have call- ed the common garden ftrawberries fraga ; and Juvenal in his ninth fatire, where he is defcribing the antient ruftics gathering their food from the wild trees of the wood, calls the fruit of the arbutus, fraga ; and Varro in the defcription of the manner of life of the fame people, has in the very man- ner of this poet, coupled acorns, and the fruit of the arbu- tus.

Pliny has run into an error, in fuppofing, that the corrtmon- cinquefoil was the plant which produced the ftrawberries in their native wild ftate ; whereas, it is a peculiar plant that produces them in the woods, and this not a cinquefoil or five leaved, but a three leaved one. Errors feldom fail to be pro- pagated, and accordingly we find Marcellus Empiricus to the beft of his pains, continuing the error of Pliny to pofterity; he tells his reader, to gather the leaves of the common cinque- foil, on which the ftrawberries grow, and fteep them in fea- water for the preparing Come medicines.

FRAGARIA, Jirawberry, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of the rofaceous kind, being compofed of feveral petals arranged in a circular form. The piftil antes from the cup of the flow- er, and finally becomes a roundifh or oval fruit, to the pla- centa of which, which is in fome fpecies foft and flefhy, in others hard and dry, there adhere a great number of feeds. To this it may be added, that the leaves always ftand three on a ftalk.

The fpecies of ftrawberry, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: 1. The common Jirawberry. 2. The Jirawberry with variegated leaves. 3. The white fruited jiraivberry. 4. The Jirawberry, with fruit of the fize of a plumb. 5. The rough leaved Jirawberry, 6. The ftrawberry, which produces fruit twice in the year. 7. The little yellow flow- ered Jirawberry. 8. The Jirawberry with double white flow- ers, and a fmall round and very fweet fruit. 9. The hairy Jirawberry, with red fweet fcentcd fruit. 10. The fcarlet Virginian Jirawberry. 11. The green flowered fhrubbyjiraw- berry. 12. The wild barren Jirawberry. 13. The double flowered wild barren Jirawberry. 14. The barren Jirawberry with double botryoide flowers. 15. The hoary and filky leaved wild barren Jirawberry. 16. The hoary barren Jiraw- bery. 17. The large upright alpine barren Jiraivberry. 18. The narrow leaved and alpine barren Jirawberry. 19. The great alpiney?r<m^rry with filky (harp pointed leaves, and rofe coloured flowers. 20. The great alpine Jirawberry with filky obtufe leaves, and rofe coloured flowers. 21. The lefler alpine ftrawberry, with obtufe filvery leaves, and rofe coloured flow- ers. Tonm. Tnft. p. 295. See Strawberry.

FRANCA, in botany, the name given by Michel i to a genus of plants, lince called by Linn^us Frankaiia. Micheli^ Nov. Gen. 22. See Frankenia.

FRANCOL1NO, in zoology, the name given by the Italians, and from them by others to the attagen of Aldrovand, a bird of the gallinaceous kind, in fize and fhape much refembling the pheafant. It is a very beautifully variegated bird. Its Head is ornamented with a very elegant creft of feathers of a yellowifh hue, variegated with black and white fpots. Its eye-

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litis are fmootli, and of a fine fcarlet, it has a fort of beard of hne {lender feathers hanging down from its chin ; its neckiS long and (lender, and is of a greyifh colour, variegated with black and white fpols; the breaft is of the fame colours, but has alfo fome Areata of a rufty brown among them. Its bel- ly and tail are of a lead colour, as are alfo its leo-s. It is called frcmcolino by the Italians, becaufe it is forbidden to the common people to deftroy it. It extremely refembles our red-game or lagopus. It is efteemed a very delicate fowl and fells at a large price. It is common in the mountains of Italy, Germany, and many other countries. Authors feem to dif- agree a little in their defections of it, fome figuring it with- out its creft. Say's Ofnitholog. p. 128. FRANGULA, in botany, the name of 'a genus of plants, the charaaers of which are thefe. The Bower is of the roface- ous kind, being compofed of a number of leaves arranged in a circular form between the fegments of a one leaved cup. Front the bottom of this cup there arifes a piftil, which finally be- comes a round foft fruit, a berry ufualiy containing two flat- ted and roundifh feeds.

The fpecies of frangula enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, arc thefe. 1 .The common frangula. called the black alder, or berry- bearing alder. 2, The frangula, with larger and rougher leaves. 3. The roundifh leaved dwarf rock or mountain fran- gula, and 4. The dwarf rock or mountain frangula, with ob- long leaves, called the long leaved berry-bearing alder. Town. Inft. p. 612. FRANKENIA, in botany, the name given by Linnaius to a genus of plants, called by Micheli, Franca. The charaflers are thefe. The perianthium is permanent and is compofed of one leaf of an oblong tubular form, divided into five fegments at the edge. The flower confifts of five petals, the ungues of which are narrow and of the length of the cup, and the tops roundifh and expanded. The fhmina are ten filaments longer than the tube, the apices are fimple. The germen of the piftil is roundifh, the ftyle is capillary, and of the length of the ftamina; the ftigma is divided into three parts; the fruit is an oval capfule covered with the cup, and formed of three valves, but containing only one cell, in which are a great number of fmall feeds of an oval figure. Lirmcci Gen. Plant, p. 187. Micheli, Nov. Gen. 22. FRASSETUM, in our old writers, is taken for a wood, or woody ground, where afh grows. 1 Inft. 4. The word is a corruption of the Latin fraximtum, which fiV- nifies the fame. FRATERCULA, in zoology, a name by which Gefner and Aldrovand have called the anas arnica clufii. See the article Duck. FRATRES gaiidcntes, a defignation given to the kni»hts of the order of the virgin Mary, inftituted about the year 1261. Hofm. Lex. in voc. FRAXINELLA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the charaaers of which are thefe. The flower is of the polype- talous anomalous kind, ufualiy confiding of five petals. From the cup of the flower, there arife a vaft number of crooked ftamina furrounding a piftil, which afterwards becomes a fruit compofed of feveral capfules of an elaftic nature, and fplitting when ripe into two parts, and bending into the fhape of a rams horn ; thefe capfules ufualiy contain many turbi- nated feeds. Tourn. Inft. p. 430.

The fpecies of fraximlla enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe : 1. The common fraximlla. 2. The large purple many flowered fraximlla. 3. The lefler purple fraximlla. 4. The fraximlla, with fnow white flowers. The fraximlla or white dittany of authors, is cultivated in gardens with us, and grows wild in France and Italy. It ge- nerally groWs about two foot high. The leaves much refemble thofe of the common afh-tree, whence it has its name ; the flowers are produced in long fpikes, and are of a whitiih red, mixed with purple. The fruit is compofed of five capfules, in which are contained black fhining oval feeds, pointed at the ends. Pomet's Hift. of Druggs, p. 45. This root fhould be chofeh plump and full, white within and without, little burdened with fmall fibres, and clean. It is alexipharmic, diuretic and uterine, and is faid to deftroy Worms. /ffli'sHift. Mat. Med. p. 588. FR AXINUS, the ajb, in botany, the name of a genus of trees ; the charaaers of which are thefe : the flower is of the ape- talous kind, and its ftamina have ufualiy double heads. The piftil finally becomes a fruit of the figure of a tongue, flatted and membranaceous, and containing a feed of the fame figure. There is alfo a fpecies of ajli, which has a petaloide flower ; but as this flower is always barren, Mr. Tournefort did not judge it proper to feparate it from the reft, Toum. Inft.

P- 577-

The fpecies of the afi, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are

thefe. I. The common tall ajh. 2. The lower ajh, with

fmaller and narrower leaves. 3. The round leaved ajh. 4. The

botryoide flowering ajb.

The fpecies of ajh when not in flower or fruit are known

by their leaves being of the pinnated kind, and the fmall ones

growing on pairs on the ribs. Taint. Inft. p. 577.

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