Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/754

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FORE- JEER- toj, in a fhip. See Bits.

FOREIGN [Cycl.) — Foreign feamen fervlng two years on board Britifh {hips, whether of war, trade, or privateers, du- ring the time of war, {hall be deemed natural born fubje&sa. But the perfons fo naturalized are not capable of being of the privy council, or members of parliament, or of taking any place of truft, civil, or military, or to have any grant from the crown of lands b. [a Stat. 13 Geo. 2. c. 3. Stift. 2. b Ibid Sefl. 3.]

Foreigners refiding feven years in the Britifh plantations without any longer abfence than two months at one^ time, and taking the oaths, are to be deemed natural born fubje£ts a. But excepting Quakers and Jews, all other perfons muft re- ceive the facrament in fome proteftant or reformed congre- gation in Great Britain, or the colonies; a certificate where- of muft be produced at the time of taking the oaths'*. [ a 13 Geo. 2. c. 7. Sea. 2. b Ibid. Sea. 3.] See Naturali- zation.

FORELLA, in ichthyology, a name given by Figulus and others to the trout.

FORE-MAST-MEN, in a man of war, thofe on board that take in the top-fails, fling the yards, furl the fails, browfe, trife, and take their turn at the helm, &c,

FORE-REACH, at lea. The feamen fay one Gap fen-reaches up- on another, when both failing together, fhe fails better, or out- goes the other.

FOREST {67j>f/.)~ Forest trees. Many are wholly averfe to pruning fur eft trees ; but tho' it is to be done with care, and under proper regulations ; (See Lopping.) yet it is by no means to be wholly omitted. It may be obferved in for efts and large woods, that for one tree which thrives well, there are twenty that grow faulty, and all this is owing to the want of pruning or lopping in a proper manner; for this when wifely executed, is a renewal of their age, and of their growth too ; the want of it being what occafions trees to run out in- to fuckers, and to load themfelves with ufelefs boughs, which draw away the fap from the upper part, and make it grow knotty and distempered, and ufualiy covered with mofs. If a tree grow crooked, the bufinefs of the owner is to cut it off Hoping at the crooked place, and nurfe up fome young bough that grows upright from that part, and it will make it a ftrait body. This is not to be done when trees are very large, but the careful owner will not fuffcr them to grow ve- ry large without doing it. Mortimer's Husbandry, vol. 2. p. 84. There is alfo another caution, which is, that foft woods do. not bear this heading fo well as the harder, and the beech in particular is lefs able to bear it, than any other. If young trees grow but a little crooked, they may be cured by only fhreding up the branches while young, all the way up the body, till paft the crooked part. When cattle have cropped any of the fliGOts of young trees, they fhould be cut off clofe to the bo- dy, for they not only never grow well after it, but the cattle ufualiy leave a drive] where they have bitten, which fometimes begins a rot of the branch, and endangers the whole tree. The beft time for pruning young for eft trees is in February ; and it fhould be done where there is occafion every year, or at the utmoft every fecond year, fo that the tree may be able to overgrow the knot, and the place not liable to put out fuck- ers becaufe the fap has had no great recourfe to it. When it is neceflary to cut off a bough of any bignefs, there muft always be given a chop or two underneath, oppofite to the part where it is cut above, otherwife the weight of the bough in its fall, is apt to drip off the bark from the remaining (tump, to the great detriment of the tree. When trees are kepr for pollards, they muft be regularly lopped every two years; for if the branches are fuffered to grow longer than that, they are apt to be faul- ty at the wound when cut off, and to let in water, the confe- rence of which will be the decay of the tree, and it can no more bear any great quantity of branches or lop. Mor- timer's Huf. v. 2. p. 85.

The general growth of trees in thicknefs of the body, is from one inch to two inches a year. The large and fmall, increafe much in the fame proportion in this refpea, if they are in a like thriving condition. The goodnefs of foil will make a great difference in this growth,as has been experienced by Mor- timer, who obferved, that the common increafe of the oak is about an inch and a quarter in thicknefs in the body in a year; but a large oak .that grew in one of his own plowed fields, where the earth was tilled and manured every year, and that often had cattle lying under it, and dunging about its > roots, grew annually no lefs than four inches in thicknefs. This -(hews the great advantage of digging about the roots of trees, and dunging them, and may ferve as a hint for a very practicable met nod of increafing the growth of trees on occa- fion. The killing of weeds that grow about thu roots of trees is one great method of haftening their growth, but there is an error which fome have run into on this principle, that is to be carefully avoided. Thefe people obferving the great damage that weeds do the trees, have fuppoled that fhrubs and under- wood in hedges and coppices do the fame ; but this is a mif- take. Experience mews, that fore/} trees thrive better and grow falter in coppices, than when they ftand fingle, and it

is certain that next to digging and dunging about the rootPj the growth of underwood about the tree is the beft method of promoting its increafe; thefe fhrubs keeping the earth ' moift about the roots of the tree, and manuring all the earth about, with their falling leaves and rotten branches, which break off at times, and which are the richeft of all manure. A little rotten wood blended among even a bad foil converting it into the nature of garden mould. Mortimer's Husbandry* v. 2. p. 86. J ■

FORESTID ore, in mining, is ore got out of earth and dirt that has been warned, and ore taken from it before. Hough- ton's Compl. Miner in the Explan. of the Terms.

rORHCULA marina, the fea earwig, a name given by au- thors to an infea frequently found about the fea-fhores, and having fome fort of external refemblance to the common ear- wig. It is of the fize of the common earwig, and is of a mixed colour, of a deep black and a filvery white. The moulders are fomewhat gibbofe, the eyes ftand clofe to one another on the fummir of the head, the antennre arc long and very flender. It has eight pair of legs on the anterior part of the body, and eight pair more at the hinder part, and there are three or four briftles at the tail. It moves about very fwiftly and Jives on rocks and among ftones.

FORHELD, in mining, is the fartheft place that a man has wrought in his ground; or the end of a meer above ground. Houghton's Compl. Miner in the Explan. of the terms.

rORKTAlL, among the fifhermen of England, a name given to the falmon, while in the fourth years growth, and not yet come to be what they call a falmon. Willughbfs Hilt. Pifc, p. 189. See Salmon.

FORLANA, in the Italian mufic, a fort of dance much in xxk. among the Venetians. Broft\ Di& Muf. in voc. See Sal- tar ELLA.

FORLORN, orFoRLORN-Aa^. See Enfans fcr</«, Cycl.

FORMATION of ftones. See the article Stone.

FORMELLA, a certain weight of about feventy pounds, men- tioned in the ftatute of weights and meafures. 51 H. 3.

FORMER, in gunnery, a round piece of wood fitted to the diameter of the bore of a gun, on which the paper, parch- ment or cotton which is to make the cartridge, is rolled be- fore it be Jewed.

FORMICA, the ant, an infea famous in natural hiftory, of which we have five fpecies common in England. 1. A fmall blackifh ant. 2. A fmall reddifh brown ant. 3. A middle fized black ant. 4. A middle lized jeddifh ant, and 5. The common great hippomyrmex, or hoik- ant. The ant lays eggs in the manner of the common flies, and from thefe eggs are hatched a fort of fmall maggots or worms without legs; thefe are fharp at one end and blunt at the o- ther; and are white, butfo tranfparcnt, that the inteftines are feen thro' the skin. Thefe after a fhort time, change into large white aureliae, which are what are ufualiy called flwr's'eggs, thofe who call them by that name, not coniidering that they are larger than the body of the creature fuppofed to have laid them in this aurelia ftate. That end which is to be the tail, is the largeft, and that which is the head, is fomewhat tranfparent.

The ants move thefe about at pleafure with their forceps. It is well known that when a neft of thefe creatures is difturbed and the aurelia: fcattered about, the ants are at infinite pains to get together all that are unhurt, and make a neft for them again : nay any ants will do this, and thofe of one neft will often take care of the aurelia; of another. Swammerdam obferves, that the affeaion of the ant for its offspring is amazing. He fays, that they carry the young worms about in thir mouths, that nothing may injure them ; and when the earth of the neft is dry, they carry them down to a greater depth, but when wet they bring them to the fur- face, that they may not be injured by the damps. Thufe which are called hoife-ants, are much larger, ftronger and fwifter in their motion than the common ants, and'ihe middle part of their body is yellow. This is not connected to the hinder part by fo thin a filament as in the common ant ; and the belly is yellowiih and lefs gloffy than in that fpecies. Thefe make their nefls of large quantities of fticks, ftraws, and fragments of leaves of trees, and ufualiy build in woods, and on the furface of the earth. Swammerd. Bibl. Natur.

The common ant builds only with fmall pieces of dry earth and there is always found a vaft quantity either of e«<rs worms, or aurclias at the bottom of the neft. The aiireliEe are covered only with a thin skin, and when carefully opened they fhew the worm perfea, and in its feveral ftages of per- Te&ion. Ray's Hift. Infc-a. p. 70.

Swammerdam fays, that in every neft of ants, as in every hive of bees, there are three kinds of the infea. Thefe he diftinguifbes as in the bees, by the names of males, females and working ants or labourers. Thefe laft are neither male nor female, nor have any other bufinefs, than the taking care of the young brood.

The male ant has four wings, and its eyes are larger than thofe of the labourers or females, and there are three lucid