Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/698

 FAR

fAREN, in Ichthyology, a name given by the Swedes to a fifh peculiar to their country. It is of the genus of the cyprini, and is diftinguiftied by Artedi, by the name of the yellow ey'd cyprinus, with twenty-feven bones in the pinna ani. FARFARA, a name given by fome of the anticnt botanifts to the plant we call coltsfoot, from the river Farfarus, men- tioned by Ovid, as remarkable for its fhady banks, which af- - forded a very large quantity of this plant. . Pliny mentions this plant with much confufion, calling it alfo farfano and faigugio, and forgeting that he had before defcribed it under the name of tuflilago or belch ion. Seethe article Tussilago. FARFRUGUM, in botany, a name by which fome authors have called the caltha paluftris, or maim inarygold. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. Farfugium, in botany, a name by which fome authors alfo call

coltsfoot. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. FARINA {Cyd.) — The manner of gathering and preferving the - Farina: of plants for microfcopic obfervations is this; gather the flowers in the mid ft of a dry funfliiny day, when the dew is perfectly off, then gently fhake off the Farina, or lightly biufli it off with a foft hair pencil, upon a piece of white pa- per ; then take a Angle talc or ifinglafs between the nippers, and breathing on it, apply it inftantly to the Farina, the moif- ture of the breath will make that light powder ftick to it. If too great a quantity be found adhering to the talc, blow a little of it off; and if there be too little, breathe on it again, and take up more. When this is done put the talc into the hole of a Aider, and applying it to the microfcope, fee whe- ther the little grains are laid as you defire, and if they are, co- ver them with another talc, and fix the ring ; but be careful that the talcs do not prefs upon the Farina, fo as to alter its form. Baker's Microfcope, p. 249.

For the appearances of the Farina of a great many plants, fee Tab. of Microfcopical Objects, Clafs 2.

The Farina of plants has been fometimes found to have an effect on neighbouring plants. Thus we read of ruffetings changed by the Farina of a neighbouring tree ; and we have obfervations of peafe of different colours infecting one another in the like manner. Phil. Tranf. N'. 477. Sect. 7. F ARiN A jceatndam. See P 'u lvis fescundans. FARlNAGlUM,inourold writers, denotes toll of meal or flower. FARIO, in zoology, a term for a falmon when about half grown, after it is paft the ftate in which it is called zfalar, and before it is of the full growth. //'///MgA.Hift.Pifc.p.iSt}. See Salmon. FARLEU, money paid by tenants in the Weft of England, in lieu of a heriot. In fome manors of Devonfhire, Farleu is of- ten diftinguifhed to be the beft goods ; as heriot is the beft beaft, payable at the death of a tenant, Cowel. FARM [Cyd.) — It is commonly allowed that a Farm mould make three rents as they exprefs it, one for the landlord, one for the charges, and one for the farmer to live upon ; but it is very feldom that a Farm will conftantly do this, or is to be maintained at that charge. In a Farm of one hundred pound a year, if the land is worth twenty {hillings an acre, a hundred pound may defray the charges of it; but if in a Farm of the fame rent the land be worth but ten {hillings an acre, a hun- dred and thirty pounds a year muft be allowed for the charges of this or nearly fo, and two hundred and fifty acres of fuch land, muft be reckoned to a Farm of a hundred pounds a year, or elfe the farmer will be ruined, if it be not very improve- able land. FARMER, he that tenants a farm, or is leffee thereof.

Alfo generally every leffee for life, years, or at will, is called Fanner, Terms de Ley.

As this word implies no myftery, except it be that of husban- dry, husbandman is the proper addition for a Far?ner. 2 Hawk. PI. Crown, 188. Farmer, in mining, is the lord of the field, or one that farms the lot and cope of the king. Houghton\ compl. Miner in the Explan, of the Terms. FARNIA, or Farnia Italorum, a name by which fome au- thors have called the bitter oak : the cerrus, agylops, and af- pris of other writers. Chabraus, p. 55. ^FARRA, in Ichthyology, a name given by authors to a fpecies nf the coregoncs, not differing effentiaily from the lavaretus or . hernia. This, fpecies has had a great number of different , names, and been defcribed as five or fix different nth. But all the deferiptions of the feveral authors agree to prove it to be that fpecies only of tbecoregoni, which Artedi has diftinguifh- ed by the name of the coregonus, with the upper jaw longer .. and flat, and with fourteen rays in the back fm. This name equally agrees with the feveral deferiptions of the farra or fer- ra, bczola, laveratus, csV. and they agree in all the eftential characters with one another. See the article Lavaretus. FARRIER (Cyd.) — Farrier's Pouch, in the manege, a lea- . them bag in which they carry drivers, nippers, fhoes for all . lizes of icct, good {harp nails, and all that is proper for new . {hoeing a horfe that has loft his fhoe upon a road. If you have no Farrier with you, you muft always have in your
 * equipage a Farrier's Pond? well provided, and a groom that

knows how to'_drive' nails. FARTHEL, or Faethelung, among teamen*, was ufed Jbr

FAS

the fame with what they commonly caWfarlot furling; „,„;,* is taking up the fails, and binding them clofe to the yard-

FA F;HING (C;,/.)-Farthikg of Land feems to differ frori, Fardmg-Deal. See \ ardin G-Dcal, Cyd. For in a furvey book of the manor of Weft Hapton in D yonfhire there is an entry thus, A. B. holds fix fartii ns T, land at 126 /. per ann. Blount, So that the farthinr of fe 1 muft have been a confiderable quantity, far more than a rood

Farthing of Gold, a coin ufed in antient times, tontamins ' ' value the fourth part of a noble, or 20 d. filver, and in wiiJ!! the fixth part of an ounce of gold. It is mentioned in th Stat, 9 Hen. V. c. 7. where it is enaBed, that there ihall be good and juft weight of the noble, half noble, and farthmu nf gold. & '

FARUNDEL of Land, the fame with Fardim-deal. See Fab vine-deal, Cyd. Rt

FASCETS, in glafs-making, the irons thruft into the mouths 61 the bottles when made, to remove them into the annealing tower. Neri's. Art of Glafs, Appendix. "

FASCIA (Cyd.)— Fascia lata, a mufcular ligament very confi- derable both for its extent and ftrength, being made up chiefly of two planes of fibres, of which the external are more or lefs longitudinal, the internal more or lefs tranfverfe. It is far- ther flrengthened in fome places by a great number of other fibres, which augment its thicknefs, and form particular ex- panfions. The tranfverfe fibres are much ftronger than the longitudinal. It is fixed above to the. edge of the crifta of the os ilium, from the large tuberofity to the anterior fuperior fpine, to the ligamentum fallopii, and to the aponeurofis of the obliquus externus of the abdomen, on which it runs up by a thin lamina. It is likewife fixed in the lateral inferior part of the os facrum, and to the neighbouring parts of the ligaments, by which that bone is conneaed to the oil'a ilium and ifchium \ from whence it advances over the glutei and thigh, between the membrana adipofa and mufeles, all the way to the anterior and outer parts of the knee. It is very thin on the patella, but may be feparated from it. It is alfo continued over the external anterior part of the tibia, covering the mufeles which lie there, and is ftrongly inferted in the head of that bone, and in the upper part of the fibula. It fends off elon- gations, which, like fo many fepta, run in between the mufeles, and fometimes meet in fuch a manner as to form vaginae. It is ftrongeft on the anterior and outer parts of the thigh, growing gradually thinner on the inner and back parts. It is ftrongly inferted in the Iin'ea femoris afpera, be- tween the vaftus externus and biceps, forming a fort of fepi turn between thefe mufeles. It furnifhes particular vagina: to the mufeles which lie on the infide of the thigh ; and "though thefe vagina: are thin, they are pretty ftrons, being chiefly ^ made up of tranfverfe fibres. tVinflsw's Anatomy, p. 204.

FASCIATION, in furgery, is the binding of fwathes about a limb that is to be cured.

FASCICULATA folia, among botanifts. See Leaf.

FASSETS, among jewellers. See Facets.

FASSUS, in our old writers, is ufed for a faggot of wood Mon- Angl. It feems to come from the French faijfeau.

FAST Ground, or Fast Country, a term ufed by fome of out miners to exprefs what others call the jbdf. In digging, they frequently, after paffing the feveral ftrata, which have been difturbed, and give proofs of having been tolled about in the waters by their irregularity, meet with plain, firm, regular and folid ftrata, which evidently fhew that they have under- gone no change fince their original formation and inftitution. The workmen, who are very good philofophers in this re- fpeft, affign the different ftruaure they thus find in the upper and lower ftrata of the earth to its juft caufe, that is, the de- luge ; and determine, that all they find irregular has been walhed up and depofited there again in the time of that ca- taftrophe; but that the Ihelf or faft Country is in its natural fiate and pofition. They obferve, in favour of this, opinion, that their loads of ore run very irregularly in the irreguiar ftrata, but much more regularly in the fhelf or faft Ground Phil. Tranf. N° 69.

FASTIGIATI Furni, in chemiftry, furnaces fitted with feve- ral aludels.

FASTING has been praaifed by moft nations from the remo- teft antiquity. Some divines even pretend to find its origin in the earthly paradife, where our firft parents were forbidden to eat of the tree of life. But is not this to confound fqfting with abftinence ? However, certain it is, that the church of the Jews has obferved Fafts from their firft eftablifhment. Mofes appointed one folemn Faft before the feaft of expiation, and others were inftituted by the following prophets on diffe- rent occafions; fo that in the time of Zacharias there were four regular Fafls, viz. in the months June, July, September and December. To thefe they have fince added three others, in memory of fore diihelfes they have at different times liif- fered. Betides thefe there were various kinds of Fa/Is, fome for devotion, others for the new moons ; and lbme among them kept an anniverfary Fajl in memory of the tranflation of the Septuagiot, in order to expiate the bail- compliance of their ... ... doaors