Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/683

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may be remedied by taking off the protuberant part of the bone^ in the fame manner as in cafes of the fpina ventofa. Heifler, s Surgery, p. 267. EXOSTRA, in the antient theatre, a place where fuch parts of the play were recited, as were fuppofed to be acted privately in the houfe. Exostra was like wife the name of a warlike engine ufcd in

the fteges of towns. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. EXOUCONTII, in church hiftory, a kind of Arian heretics, who maintained that the fon of God was made out of nothing. \k ruv y'x 'l!\uv. Hofm. Lex. in voc. EXPANSION {Cyd.)— Solid bodies, as well as fluid, eaBlj ex- pand with heat ; this is proved by this eafy experiment : Let an iron ring be made, juft capable of admitting one end of a folid rod of the fame metal. Then heat that end of the rod in the fire, and, when red hot, it will be found too large to go into the ring, though as foon as it is cold, it will again readily go through it. This appears to be the property of all folid bodies, on being heated, tho' cedar wood has, upon fome trials, been thought not to expand with heat, or con- trail: with cold. Shaw's Lectures, p. 27. EX PARTE TALIS, in law, a writ that lies for a bailiff or re- ceiver, who, having auditors affigned to take his account, cannot obtain of them reafonable allowance, but is caft into prifon. The courfe, in this cafe, is to fue this writ out of chancery, directed to the fheriff to take four mainpernors to bring his body before the barons of the exchequer, at a cer- tain dav, and to warn the lord to appear at the fame time. F.N. B. 129. EXPECTORANTS. As all fubftances which promote excre- tion, do not operate in the fame manner, fince fome render the matter moveable, and difpofe it for evacuation, others open the emunctories, that it may be feparated from the juices, and others ftimulate the veffels and duels to an excre- tory motion, fo ExpeSforants operate in the fame variety of manners. For if the humour fecreted be thin and acrid, and the pores of the glands, from which it is to be thrown, be too much conftricted, thofe medicines are to be given to promote expectoration, which relax, foften, and widen the paffages, obtund the acrimony of the humours, and coagulate the too thin and fluid parts of them. To this purpofe liquo- rice root, fperma ceti, faffron, mallows, red poppies, oil of almonds, and the ftyrax pill, may be given; but when a large quantity of thick and vifcid matter is lodged in the bron- chia of the lungs, and impedes refpiration, then fome ftimu- lus to refpiration becomes necefTary, and expectoration mull be afTifted by fubftances which can refolve the tough and vif- cid matter. For this purpofe decoctions of fcabiousand the other pectoral herbs, with the terra foliata tartari, folutions of crab's-eyes, and antimoniated nitre, are very proper. The nervous coats of the bronchia are alfo flimulated to an excre- tory motion by a certain acrid, fubtle, and oleous principle, found in gum ammoniac and benjamin, and the like ftimu- lating gums.

The roots of elecampane, and florentine orris alfo, and all the preparations of fulphur, ferve excellently to this purpofe. And where a yet ftronger ftimulus is required, as in a pituitous afthma, oxymel of fqui/ls, and the fpiritus afthmaticus, which is prepared with gum ammoniacum and cryftals of copper, are found remedies of very great power. Great caution is necefTary hence in the exhibition of ExpeSforants, and the practitioner who gives the common medicines, known by that name, at random, and without informing himfelf thoroughly of the nature of the cafe, is likely to do great mifchief, inftead of good, by them. In coughs of the moift and chronical kind, as alfo in a pituitous afthma, in which large quantities of phlegm fall into the bronchia of the lungs, fweet fubftances, lindtus's, and oily medicines, weaken the ftomach, whofe ftrengthand tone are already too much impaired, diminifhthe appetite, digeftion, and chylifaction, and not only promote the generation of more recrementitious matter, and the in- creafe of the difeafe, but alfo difpofe the patient to a cachexy, or to cedematous tumors, or a dropfy. In thefe cafes, it is therefore much more proper to ufe balfamic pectorals, and fuch as are grateful to the ftomach. Hofm. Med. Ration Syft.

ExpeSforants ought to be cautioufly ufed in a phthifis, in fpittings of blood, and in dry coughs, difficulties of breathing, and violent pains in the breaft, which rather arife from a con- geftion of blood, than from matter to be expectorated ; and ExpeSforants, whether of the foftening or the ftimulating kind, mutt certainly add to the congeftion of the blood and hu- mours, rather than to the relief of the patient. In pleurific3 and peripneumonies alfo ExpeSforants are to be very cautioufly ufed in the beginning ; left by their means the inflammatory ftagnation of the blood fhould be encreafed. But when thefe diforders are upon the decline, and the great- er part of the inflammatory matter is difcufled, then they are very properly and commodioufly ufed to draw the vifcid and concocted matter out of the pulmonary canals. EXPENDITORS, in law, are the perfons appointed by com- miffioners of fewers to pay, difburfe or expend the money collected by the tax for the repairs of fewers, &c. when paid into their bands by the collectors,, on the reparations, amend -

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ments, and reformations ordered by the commiffioners ; iot which they are to render accounts when thereunto required. Laws of Sewersj S 1 ?; 88;

Thefe officers are mentioned in the ftatute 37 H: 8. c. rr and other ftatutes. The fteward who fupervifes the repair of the banks and water-courfes in Rumney-Marfh is likewife called the Expenditor. EXPENSIS MUitum non levandis, &c. in law, an antient writ to prohibit the fheriff from levying any allowance for knights of the fhire, upon thofe that hold lands in antient demejnt. Reg. Orig. 26L

There is alfo a writ de expenfu militum levandis^ for levying expences for knights of the parliament. See Expensis, Cycl. EXP1LATOR, in the civil law* a peculiar kind of thief or robber. SeeExpiLATioN, Cycl;

Befldes the meaning put upon Expllaiion in the Cyclopaedia* it was ufed in a more fpecial manner to fignify a robbery com- mitted by night ; whence an Expilator was looked upon as a greater criminal than a common thief.

The Expi/ators were fo called from their robbing and ftripping people of their cloaths. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. EXPLEES, inlaw, the rents or profits of an eftate, £3V, Seg

Esplees. EXPONENT, (Cycl.) in arithmetic and algebra; Exponents are commonly written above, and fomewhat towards the right hand of the number or quantity whofe power they exprefs. Thus 3*, as, fignifies the fifth power of 3, and of a. EXPOSING (Cycl.) — Exposing of Children, a'barbarous cuftom practifed by moft of the antients, excepting the The- bans, who had an exprefs law to the contrary, whereby it was made capital to expofe children, ordaining, at the fame time, that fuch as were not in a condition to educate them^ fhould bring them to the magiftrates, in order to be brought up at the public expence. Pott. Archseol. Grax. T. 2, P- 333-

Among the other Greeks, when a child was born, it was laid on the ground, and if the father defigned to educate his child, he immediately took it up, but if he forbore to do this, the child was carried away, and expofed. Pitifc. Lex. Ant, in voc. Expofiiio,

The Lacedemonians indeed had a different cuftom, for, with them, all new-born children were brought before certain tryers, who were fome of the graveft men in their own tribe, by whom the infants were carefully viewed, and if they were found lufty and well favoured, they gave orders for their edu- cation, and allotted a certain proportion of land for their maintenance; but if weakly, or deformed, they ordered them to be caft into a deep cavern in the earth, near the mountain Taygetus, as thinking it neither for the good of the children themfelves, nor for the public intereft, that defective children fhould be brought up. Pott. loc. cit.

Many perfons expofed their children only becaufe they were not in condition to educate them, having no intention that they fhould perifh. It was the unhappy fate of daughters efpecially to be thus treated, as requiring more charges to educate and fettle them in the world than fons. Pott. loc. cit.

The parents frequently tied jewels and rings to the children they expofed, or any other thing whereby they might after- wards difcover them^ if providence took care fdt their fafety. Another defign, in adorning thefe infants, was either to en- courage fuch as found them, to nourifh and educate them, if alive; or to give them human burial, if dead. Pott. T* 2. P-334-

The places where It was ufual to expofe children, were fuch as people frequented moft. This was done in order that they might be found, and taken up by companionate perfons, who were in circumftances to be at the expence of their edu- cation. With this intention the Egyptians and Romans chofe the banks of rivers, and the Greeks the highways. Pitifc. loc. cit. EXPOSITION, Expofiiio) in rhetoric* is fometimes ufed for

divifion. See Division. EXPOSTULATION, Expoflulath, in rhetoric, a complaint addrefled to a perfon from whom we have received fome in- jury. It varies according to circumftances. See Vojf. Rhet. 1. 3. p. 420. EXPRESSION (Cycl.) — Diverfifying of Expression, iri

rhetoric. See Diversifying. EXPROBRATION, Exprobratio, in rhetoric, is the reproach- ing a perfon with ingratitude, and unmindfulnefs of fome par- ticular benefit conferred upon him. See Voff. Rhet. 1. 3,- p. 422. EXQUIMA, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of monkey common on the coaft of Guinea. The hair on its back is of a reddifh brown, and looks as if it had been finged or burnt, and refembles a rufty iron colour ; among this there are a number of fmall white fpots ; its belly and chin are wholly white, and it has a very beautiful beard of a fnow white, compofed of hair of two finger's length, and always lying as neatly and regu- largly as if it were combed. When this creature is provoked, it draws back its lips, and, fhewing all its teeth, {huts its jaws very nimbly, and chatters remarkably loud. It is very nimble.

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