Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/679

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Esulje Radix, in the materia medica, the name of a root of a plant of the fpurge kind fometimes ufed in medicine. 'I he root confifting of a cortical part and an inner fticky one, the bark only is u fed, and fuch mould be chofen as is new dried, and of a reddifh colour without and within, and fuch as when held in the mouth affords a verydifagreeable tafte, with very great acrimony. It is a very violent purge, and has been faid to have performed cures in dropfical cafes, when more gentle me- dicines have proved ineffectual. It is a good method to mace- rate it a day or two in vinegar before it is ufed. The plant which produces it is, the Efula riven et offidnarum of Mr. Ray, it is cultivated by fome curious people in their gardens. Pomet's Hift. of Drugs, p. 30.

ETAPPiER, in war. See Etappe, Cycl.

ETHESIUS Lapis, a name given by fome authors to the chry- fol'tte.

ETHMOIDES (Cycl. )— The figure of this bone is very fingular, and may be faid to be in fome meafure cubical. This bone may be divided into a middle, and two lateral portions ; in the middle three parts may be diftinguifhed, an upper, a middle, and a lower. The upper part of the middle portion is an emi- nence called crifb. galli, which is often folid, fometimes how- ever it has been found hollow in feveral degrees and perforated by a fmall opening which communicates with the frontal finufes : a groove is fometimes alfo met with in its anterior edge which leads to the fpinal or blind hole in the os frontis. The middle part of this portion is a fmall horizontal plate perforated by fe- veral hoies, and called lamina cribrofa ; and in its back part it has a little notch for its articulation with the fphenoidal bone ; this lamina may be called the body of the bone, as being what principally fupports all the other parts of it. The lower part is a perpendicular lamina, which makes part of the feptiiin narium : The edge of this is rough and uneven, for its better connection with the verna : The lateral portions of the ethmoidal bone, are by far the moft confiderable if we regard fize only ; each of thefe may be divided into two, one fuperior, which is the largeft, and which may be called the la- byrinth of the noftrils, it being full of turnings and windings, and irregularly cellular ; and one inferior in the fhape of a fhell. It is a very tender and delicate ftruCturc, tho' compact and without any diploe, being almoft all compofedof thin bony plates. It is joined to the os frontis, os fphenoides, oil'a nafi, ofla maxil- laria, offa unguis, ofla palati, and verna ; the ufes of it are to be a very principal part in the organ of fmell, and to give a very great extent to the pituitary membrane, in a fmall compafs. Winjhxv's Anatomy, pag. 29.

ETHOLOGUS, among the antients, a mimic or actor who could reprefent all the various habits and difpofltions of the mind. Pitifc.

ETHOPOEA, among the antients, fignified the art of re- prefenting or imitating the manners and geftures of any per- fon fo perfe£ily, that the original might be known by the re- prefentation. Pitijc.

ETINDROS, a name given by the writers of the middle ages, to a ftone which they fay is as clear and pellucid as cryftal ; and which when expofed to the air was continually feen to ex- fudate drops of water by reafon of its cold. We are rather apt to believe it was by reafon of its heat, and that the wri- ters of thefe dark ages had collected this account from fome author, who only called ice by this name.

ETRUSCA Terra, in the materia medica, a kind of bole of which there are two fpecies, the white and the red ; thefe are called by many authors, the terra figillata alba & rubra magni duds, as they are brought to us fealed with different impreffions. The white Tufcan earth is a denfe and compact fubffance of a dull dcadifh white, which in drying acquires fome degree of yellownefs ; it is of a fmcoth furface, and does not ftain the fingers in handling. It is not eafily broken, and but fligbtly adheres to the tongue, and freely melts into a fubftance like butter in the mouth. It makes a flight effervefcence with acid menftruums. Hill's Hill, of Fofiils, p. 4. The red Tufcan earth is an impure bole, very heavy and of a fomewhat lax texture, and of a pale red colour. It is na- turally of a fmooth furface, breaks eafily between the fingers, and is apt to flain the hands ; it adheres ftrongly to the tongue, and melts freely in the mouth, and hasa ftrongly aftringent tafte, but leaves a iandy harfhnefs between the teeth. It makes no effervefcence with acid menftrua. Thefe are the characters by which both thefe earths may be known from others of the fame colour ; they are both dug in feveral parts of Italy, particularly in the neighbourhood of Florence : They are kept in the Chops there, and prefcribed with fuccefs in fevers of many kinds, and in diarrhoeas, dyfenteries, and the like cafes. Hill's Hift. of Foflils, p. 12. ETYMOLOGICON is ufed for a book containing the ety- mologies of any language. See Etymology, Cycl. EUANTHI Colores, in painting, a term ufed by the Greeks to exprefs what the Romans call the floridi colores : thefe were fuch colours as had a remarkable brightnefs in their works. The other coarfer and duller colours the Romans called aufteri colores, and the Greeks bathyci. Of the firft fort were cinnabar, lapis armenus, chryfocolla, minium, indigo, and purpurilla, according to theRomans; but the Greeks, as we find by Diofcorides, made cinnabar one of the auftere colours. EV ANTO, a name given by fome authors to the panthera lapis.

EVAPORATION, (Cycl.)— -The Evaporation of fluids is ge- nerally (uppofed an effect of heat, but experience proves that cold which is juft a contrary caufe is able alfo to produce the fame effect, and that in a very confiderable degree ; the Evaporations of liquors in the fe\ereft frofis being at leaft equal to thofe when the air is in that degree which we call temperate. An ounce of water by weight being fet out at fix in the evening to freeze, Mr. Guateron found that by eight of clock the next morning, it was reduced to a folid lump of ice, and had loft twenty-four grains in weight; and this ice being thawed into water with all poflible caution, the water weighed twelve grains Iefs than the ice. The fame experiment re- peated feveral times always gave the fame phenomenon, only in different degrees ; the lofs of quantity being always greater as the weather was more fevere, or the wind higher. This effect is alfo different in different fluids. This gentleman fet out to freeze at the fame time an ounce of common water, the fame quantity of nut oil, the fame of brandy, the fame of oil of turpentine, and the fame of mercury. The water froze almoft immediately and loft fix grains in weight; and the oil of nuts in the fame time loft eight grains ; the brandy and the oil of turpentine loft twelve grains each ; but oil of olives and the mercury feemed rather to have encreafed than dimi- nifhed in weight. The next morning, the lofs of the water was thirty-fix grains ; that of the nut-oil was forty grains, tho* it had not been frozen ; and the lofs of the brandy and oil of turpentine was fifty four grains each, tho' neither had been at all frozen ; the mercury and the oil of olives remained as before. The greater cold, and more rough winds always encreafed the Evaporation, and the lefler cold and calmer weather made it lefs. Water when reduced to the ftate of ice does not ceafe to evaporate : for this ice of an ounce of wa- ter had loft thirty-fix grains from eight of clock in the morning to three in the afternoon, and thirty-fix more be- tween that and eight at night ; and during the night the Evaporation had not been continued in any lefs degree, and upon the whole, an ounce of ice was found to lofe by Eva- poration a hundred grains in twenty-four hours. Mem. Acad. Par. 1709.

EVASION, Evajio, in law, is ufed for any fubtil endeavouring to fet afide truth, or to efcape the punifhment of the law 5 which will not be endured. Thus if a perfon fays to ano- ther that he will not ftrike him, but will give him a pot of ale to ftrike him firft ; and accordingly he ftrikes, the return- ing of it is punifhable ; and if the perfon firft ftriking be killed, it is murder: for no man fhall evade the juftice of the law, by fuch a pretence to cover his malice. 1 Hawk. P. C. 81.

EUCHYMIA, in medicine, a good temper of the blood, or other juices and fluids in an animal body.

EUCLABRIS, in antiquity, a table whereon the flaughtered vic- tim was fpread, in order to have its inteftines carefully in- fpeCted. It was from this table that the veffcls ufed in facri- fices were called Euclabria.

EVERRIATOR, in antiquity, an officer who was obliged in a folemn manner to cleanfe fuch houfes as were defiled by dead bodies, called domus funejla. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc.

EVERRICULUM, in furgery, the name given by Pare to a fort of fpeccllum or fpoon, ufed to clear the bladder of gra- vel and grumes of blood left in it after the operation of litho- tomy.

EVES-DROPPERS, in law, fuch perfons as ftand under the Eves or walls of a houfe, by night or by day, to hearken after news, and carry it to others, and thereby caufe ftrife and contention in the neighbourhood. Terms de Ley, 317. They are punifhed in the court leet by fine, by the Stat, Weftm. c. 33.

EUEX1A, in medicine, a good found habit of body.

EUGENIA, in botany, the name given by Micheli and Lin- na:us to a genus of plants defcribed in the Hortus Malaba- ricus. The characters are thefe : The perianthium confifts of one leaf divided into four, oblong, obtufe, concave, and per- manent fegments. The flower is compofed of four oblong, and hollow obtufe petals twice as large as the fegments of the cup ; the ftamina are a great number of flender filaments in- ferted in the cup and reaching the length of the flower; the anthers are fmall. The germen is of a turbinated form, and is placed below the cup. The ftile is Ample and of the length of the ftamina ; the ftigma is fimple ; the fruit is a coronated drupa of a quadrangular figure containing only one cell, in which is contained a large roundifh and fmooth nut. Linncei, Gen. Plant, p. 211. M'uhcll, Nov. Gen. p. 108. Hort. Mai. v. 1. p. 17, 18. v. 4.. p. 6, 7.

EUMARIDES, among the antients, a kind of fhoes common to men and women. Hoffm. Lex. in voc. The Eumarides were ufed for pomp and delicacy, being neat and painted with various colours. Id ibid.

EUMECES, in the writings of the anticnt naturalifts, the name of a ftone which Pliny tells us refembled a flint, and was found in BaCtria ; the antients had an idle opinion, that if laid under the head, it occafioned true and prophetic dreams, foretelling to the perfon the more remarkable future events of his life.

EUMEN1DES, in antiquity. See Furies, Cycl.

EUMENIDEIA, E^mhta, in antiquity, an annual feftival obferved in honour of the furies. It was otherwife called