Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/658

 E N C

END

have called it coccus, and fome cinnabar. It" is faid that it was made of the purple colour, extracted from the murex, or purple fiih, with fome other additions. It is to be ob- ierved, that however well this colour, when laid on the parchment, or paper, might refemble the colours of enamel, yet it was as improper to call it Encauflum, which fignifies a colour burnt in, as in enamelling, as it would have been to have called it atramentum, or ink.

ENCEINTE, in fortification, the wall, or rampart, which furrounds a place, fometimes compofed of baftions and cur- tains, either faced or lined with brick, or ftone, or only made of earth.

The Enceinte is fometimes only flanked by round or fquarc towers, which is called a Roman wall.

ENCEPHALITES Lapis, in natural hiftory, the name given by authors, to a fort of coarfe ftone, fuppofed, in fome degree : to refemble the human brain. We have, in the foflile world, many ftones, named from the parts of animals, which they have, in reality, been form'd from, or owed their original to; and thefe are properly enough called by names denoting the things whofe forms they wear : But it is a very wrong pra- ctice, from fome flight external refemblances, to give fuch names to things that never can have been fuppofed to be fo intitled to them. No one can be fo abfurd as to imagine a human brain can be petrify 'd, though a ftone may accidentally fomewhat refemble its form. The perfon poffefled of fuch an accidental fpecimen, mould have ranked it among the {tones to which it properly belonged as a ftone, whether a flint, a pebble, or a nodule, and have named, as an accident only, this form of it; not to have given it a peculiar denomination, as if it were a new fpecies.

The refemblances of things are not always to be depended upon,' and are often more the effect of imagination in the pof- feilbr, than of any real likenefs in the thing. Thus a collector of foffils, in London, many years preferved in his mufeum a handfome fpecimen of the feptaria, or ludus helmontii, (the only one he chanced to have feen) under the name of petri- fy'd fturgeon, from a fancied rcfemblance of the fepta of that ftone,' to the bands with which the people, who pickle ftur- geon, ufually tyc the pieces up, to prevent their breaking.

ENCERIii, in pharmacy, a word ufed by Galen to fignify fmall concretions of wax, which formed themfelvcs in melted plaifters, of which wax was one of the ingredients, As they cooled, the wax cooling firft, and collecting itfelf into little grumes, which fpoiled the confiftence and form of the whole compofition. ' •

ENCHELUS, in ichthyology, the name given, by Ariftotle. Appian, and all the Greek writers, to the eel. See the article Eel.

ENCHESON, a French word, ufed in our law-books and fta- tutes, fignifying the occafion, caufe, or reafon, wherefore any thing is done. Stat. 5 Edw, 3. c. 3.

ENCHYMA, in the medical writings of the antients, a word ufed in feveral fenfes. Some have made it exprefs only an in- fufion ; others have ufed it for what the modern phyficians call plethora a dim fa, that is, a fulnefs of the veffcls, fimply confidered, as relative to themfelves ; and others have made it the name of certain forms of liquid medicines, to be in- jected into the ears, into the thorax, or any other part.

ENCHYMOMA, in the writings of the antient phyficians, a word ufed to exprefs that fudden effufion of blood into the cutaneous vefTels, which arifes from joy, anger, frame, or any other violent emotion of the mind, and is what we ufually call blujhing.

Enchymoma is alfo an afflux of the blood, whereby the ex- ternal parts are rendered black and blue, as in the fcurvy, blood-fhot eyes, &c. Blancard. in voc.

ENCHYMONITES, in natural hiftory, the name of a kind of ftone, found in Macedonia, and fome other places, which was alfo called pseonites and psanitcs : It was fuppofed to be of great virtues to aflift women in labour, and is defcribed as itfelf often bringing forth young ones. Pliny, and many other of the antient writers, have mentioned ftones bringing forth ftones, and it has generally been underftood, that they alluded to the setites, or eagle-ftone, in thefe accounts, as having a fmall ftone within it ; but the fame thing is faid of this Enchymonites, and that, with fuch other particulars, as prove that it is not the eagle-ftone that they mean by this. They fay it was formed of congealed ice, that is, of water congealed into a folid body ; and that it was found no where but in fubterranean caverns. It feems, by thig^ to have been that fparry ftone which is really a congelation of the ftony parts of water, and thefe ftones formed into larger and fmaller ftalactites, or icicles, and the round ftalagmitas, or dropftones, continually encreafing, give great fliew of reafon to the opinion of their producing one another, the great ones throwing off the fmaller, as if they were their offspring. This gave opinion to the vulgar, that they were of a nature like parturient animals, and that they rauft be good, by fympathy, for thofe who were bringing forth children.

ENCHYSMA, the fame with clyfter, or enema. See Enema.

ENCHYTAj in the medical writings of the antients, a name

given to fuch medicines as were injected into the eyes, or into any part.

Some alfo have ufed the fame word to exprefs a fort of fun- nel, contrived to convey the fumes of medicines to any part of the body.

ENC/EL1A, a word ufed, by many of the antient medical authors, to exprefs the vifcera, contained in the abdomen or lower belly.

ENCONDRUS, in the old Greek writers, a word ufed to exprefs any thing made up of a great number of fmall pieces, or flakes, or fmall grains of any thing. The manna of the antients was not in large flakes, as we have it at pre- fent, but it was formed of a vaft number of fmall granules, and was therefore called by Diofcorides, and fome others of the Greeks, by this name. The word manna alfo fignified, with them, the fame thing, and they not only exprefled the fubftance by it which we at prefent call fo, but any other thing that was in fmall flakes, or pieces, was called manna. Thus the manna thuris, fo much talked of among the old Greeks, was only a collection of thofe pieces which flew off from frankincenfe in the breaking. Diofcorides, Trallian. See Manna Libanotis.

ENCOPE, in furgery, an incifion of any part, as in a gan- grene, Z3c.

ENCRANIUM, in anatomy, the fame with Cerebellum.

ENCRASICOLUS, the anchovy, a fmall fea fifh, one of the harengiform kind, but wanting the row of fcrrated fcales on the belly. They are caught in vaft plenty in the Mediterra- nean, the Englifh, and many other feas, and are well known in pickle in moft nations of Europe. Wilkighby's Hift. Pifc. p. 228.

ENCRATJLOS, in ichthyology, the name given, by Ariftotle, and many other of the antient Greeks, to the fiih which we

■ call the anchovy. Authors defcribe this under the diftinct name of enchraficholus ; but Artedi proves it to be a fpecies of the fame genus with the herring, and calls it the clupca with the upper jaw longer than the under. This name car- ries a diftinction with it that cannot be miftaken.

ENCRINOS, in natural hiftory, a name given by authors to a fpecies of afteropodium, or that plated and imbricated body which makes the bafe, or root, of the aftcria. This is com- pofed of a number of fmall plates, convex on one fide, and concave on the other, and, when found in fair pieces, is faid very exactly to refemble a part of a ray of the magellanic ftar. See the articles Asteeopodium and Asteria.

ENCRIS, in the medical writings of the antients, fignifies a fort of cake made of fine flour, mixed with oil, and fweetened with honey.

ENCUMONIS, in natural hiftory, a name given, by fome of the old writers, to the fparry incruftations'on the tops of grot- toes, in fome places, where they hang like icicles, or lie on the ground in globules, or little balls. The antients called it alfo enchymonites, and thought it poffefled of great virtues for women, in the time of bringing forth children. Many of the virtues attributed to the eagle-ftone, were, by the authors, meant of this. The account which the antients gave of thefe ftones bringing forth one another, being fuppofed to allude to the eagle-ftone, becaufe it has a fmall ftone in it. Solinus. See Enchymonites.

ENCURECK, in natural hiftory, a venomous infect, found in Perfia, and fuppofed, by fome, to be a kind of tarantula. It neither ftings nor bites, but lets fall its venom like a drop of water, which caufes infufferable pain in the part for a time, and afterwards fo profound a fleep, that, we are told, nothing can raife the patient from it, but crufhing one of thofe crea- tures on the part affected. It is neverthelefs faid, that the fheep eat thefe infects without damage. Olearius ap. Boyle, Works abr. Vol. 1. p. 37. Ibid. p. 38.

ENDy^r End, in the fea language. When a rope runs all out of the block, that it is unreeved, they fay it is run out end for end.

ENDECERES, in the naval architecture of the antients, a word ufed to exprefs a galley, which had eleven feries or tires of rowers. Thofe with two or three tires were very much in ufe among the antients, and from thofe to fuch as had five or fix tires. Thofe of nine tires were fometimes ufed, but it was very feldom ; and thofe of eleven, fifteen, and fo on, were rather for ftate than fervice. We read of them carried fo high, as to contain twenty, thirty, and forty rows of oars. One of this largeft fort was built for Philopater, which re- quired four thoufand men. Meibom. de Trirem.

ENDEIXIS, in medicine, an indication of difeafes, whereby is fhewn, what is to be done ; as for example, a Plethora, or too great fulnefs of blood, indicates the opening of a vein. Blancard, in voc

Endeixis, e*? £ »!k, in antiquity, an action brought againft fuch as affected any place, or thing, of which they were in- capable by law. Pott. Archseol. Grsec. 1. i. c. 23. T. 1. p. 125. See Disease.

ENDEMIAL Difeafes, a word' confounded by fome, in its fenfe, with epidemic, but extreamly different in the fignifica- tion correct authors put upon it/ The epidemic difeafes being

thofe.