Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/643

 EFF

E F F

thefe fyotS, with care, are alfo to be obferved in the young ones, as foon as produced. Phil. Tranf. N°. 478. §. 13.

Eels in vinegar. See Vinegar.

EEL-Fares, is ufed for the fry, or brood, of Eels. Stat. 2< Hen.%.

Eel Pout t in ichthyology, the Englifh name of the muftela fluviatilis, a fifh of the gadus kind, according to Artedi, and distinguished from the others by the name of the bearded gadus, with two fins on the back, and with both jaws of the fame length. See G a d u s.

This fifh, is caught in the Trent, and many other of our ri- vers, and in feme places called a barbot. The name is derived from the German name Aelput, which is, in that language, the name of the fame fifh, and is com- pounded of the words Ael an Eel, and Putt, or Pudd, a frog, fo that the Englifh word fhould properly be the Eel-frog. It is commonly, when full grown, about fourteen inches long, and is flender in proportion to its length, and fome- thing of the Eel fhape, but too fhort for its thicknefs, to be truly fo. It is very foft and flippery to the touch, like the Eel, and is covered either merely with a flimy matter, or elfe with extremely minute fcales. It is of the colour of a tench ; its head is large and flat, its noftrils fmall and round, and its jawsbefet with very fmall teeth, which make them feel rough like a file, and there is, befide thefe, a femicircular fpot in the palate, rough in the fame manner. There are two fins on the back, and one on the belly, reaching from the anus to the tail, and it has a little beard from the extremity of the lower jaw, and between the noftrils and end of the fnout two others, and feven gills. IVillougbby's Hift. Fife, p. 125.

EFFEMINATE, Effcminatl, according to the vulgate, are mentioned in feveral places of fcripture. The word is there ufed to fignify fuch as were confecrated to fome profane god, and proftituted themfelves in honour of him. The Hebrew word Kadejh, translated Effemlnatus, properly fignifies confecrated, and hence was attributed to thofe of either fex, who publickly proftituted themfelves, in honour of Baal and Aftarte.

Moles cxprefsly forbids a thefe irregularities among the Israelites ; but the hiftory of the Jews Shews, that they were notwithstanding frequently practifed b. — [ a Levlt. xxiii. 18. b Cabnet. Diction. Bibl. in voc]

EFFERVESCENCE (Cycl.) arifes from an inteftine motion, excited in various fluids, either by the mixture of fluids with others of a different nature, or by dropping falts, or powders, of various kinds, into fluids. The two moft common oppo- fites, acids and alcali's, on being mixed, caufe a great ebul- lition or frothing, but no great heat ; but the folutions of ibme metals in aqua fortis, caufe intenfe heat, and emit flame. The mixing aromatic oils with acid mineral fpirits, actually kindle, and burn with violent explofions ; and fome vegeta- ble fubftances, putrefying with moifture, will Sometimes heat fo, as to kindle what lies dry about that part of the heap where the putrefaction happens. Thus heaps of dung will grow hot, and haycocks often kindle into actual fire. Phil. Tranf. N°. 476. p. 4.75. The principal bodies in winch Effervefcences happen, are,

1. Native vegetable acids, as moft juices of trees, Shrubs, and plants, that run in the fpring : Moft juices of un- ripe fummer fruits ; Particular juices, when ripe, as thofe of oranges, lemons, citrons, tamarinds, forrel, wood- forrel, and crabs ; fermented vegetables, as the meals when they turn four, RheniSh and Mofellc wine, and tartar; vegetables twice fermented, native and diftilled vine- gars ; the acids of animals, from tartifh or acid vegetable aliment : as in the chyle, four milk, whey, buttermilk, and the whey thereof. 2. The native foflile acids, as the acid of fulphur, allum, or vitriol ; or thefe acids, as they lie con- cealed in fulphur, or vitriol Stones, or as thence extracted by a violent fire, or a Stronger acid, as in the fpirit of nitre, Salt, allum, vitriol, or fulphur. 3. True fixed alcalies, made of any vegetable matter, by burning ; the more volatile alkali's, whether fpontaneous, as in garlick, onions, fcurvygrafs, muftard, $$c, produced by putrefaction, from animal or vegetable fubjects, or procured from the fame by distillation and burning. 4. Certain bodies, improperly called alkalies, only^ on account of their agreeing with the genuine alkalies, in fermenting with acids ; thefe are many of the boles, and other earths, bones, chalk, corals, crabs-eyes, horns, hoofs, and nails of animals, pearls, Shells of fifh, &c. Stones, and teeth. 5. The feven metals. 6. The Semi-metals, anti- mony, bifmuth, lapis calaminaris, haematites, lime, and the like. Boerh. Chem. pt. 2. p. 340. Hence we have four general rules. 1 . That the bodies of the firft clals almoft constantly make an efFervefcence with thofe of the third and fourth, either Sooner or later, and with more or lefs Strength, as they are in themfelves weaker or Stronger this Effervefcence continues till the point of faturation is ob- tained, and then ceafes, and at that time ufually the acrimony both of the one and the other of the fubftances is foftened.

2. The bodies of tiie firft clafs make an Effervefcence with thofe of the fifth, though only fome with others, and not uni-

verfally ; fome do this With more, and others with lefs Strength, and, at the end, vitriols are ufually produced. 3. The bodies of the firft clafs act in the fame manner with thofe of the Sixth. 4. The bodies of the third, fourth, fifth, and fixth clafTesj being mixed together, are fcarce found to make any Effer- vefcence, hence acids arc found to have this effeft, in particu- lar along with the reft, though here it is limited. The heft fpirit of vinegar, poured upon oil of tartar per deliquium, makes no Effervefcence at firft, but it does afterwards, and, in doing it, weakens the alkali.

Pure volatile alkali, when freed from its oil, makes an Effervefcence with diftilled vinegar, but much more cold than heat arifes in the ebullitions of this kind; whereas the generality of other Effervefcences produce heat in various de- grees, from the leaft fenfiblc warmth, up to adual flame. A dram of oil of cloves mixed with two drams of Glauber's fpi- rit of nitre, raifes a thick fmoak, and in the midft of it a Strong red flame, and the matter is reduced to a dry Spungy mafs, in this cafe the Effervefce?ice is not made with acid and alkali ; but with acid, and a very rich oil. There are alfo too hard and cold bodies, viz. iron and fulphur, which being ground together, and made into a pafte with water, make a fpontaneous Effervefcence, and will even produce actual fire and flame. Boerh. Chem. pt. 2. p. 340.

Effervescence, in vintage, a term appropriated by Port- zius and others to fignify that working of wine, which is by fome, though improperly, called fermentation, thereby con- founding two very different things. Fermentation, according to thefe authors, is nothing elfe but the action and reaction of the internal parts of the acid and alkali of the fluids, by which the fpirits are feparated without precipitation ; whereas, they fay, by Effervefcence there are no fpirits feparated, fo that all fermentation is done by means of Effervefcence ; but all Effervefcence does not amount to fermentation. Fermenta- tions are properly the mutual flrugglings between contrary principles, as between acid and alkali, or the like ; but Effer- vefcences will happen between principles of the fame kind, provided one be much Stronger than the other. Thus a Stronger acid poured upon a weaker, will raife an Effer- vefcence, but no fermentation. The Effervefcence of wine is not however of this kind, but the acid and alkali which are in them, mufl raife this by their action upon one another, the alkalifate parts combating with the acid ones, till they have wholly fated them, and then the Effervefcence ceafeth. It has been obferved by many, that wine in the cafks will al- ways effervefce, more or lefs Strongly, at the time of the bloSToming of the vines. This has been fuppofed by the vul- gar to be owing to Something of Sympathy, or fuch hidden caufes j but it is only owing to the heats of that feafon which kt the two falts at work upon one another. Portzlus de Vin Rhenan.

EFFLUENT Fever, is fometimes ufed for an inflammatory fever. Med. Eff. Edinb. abr. Vol. 2. p. 461. Dr. Morgan propofes to cure fuch by fweats raifed by low cooling drinks.

EFFLUVIA (Cycl.)— The earth fends forth Effluvia and Steams in great abundance, and many things, attributed to other agents, are really performed by them. Dr. Woodward has very juftly attributed great effects to them on foffils of many kinds ; and it is poflible many more of the prefent ap- pearances of fubterranean bodies may be owing to them, than are at pefent imagin'd. The figures and delineations on Stones, in form of trees and fhrubs, have often their origin from thefe Effluvia, getting into the cracks of them ; and it is poffible that the ftalactitae, which wc find on the roofs of caverns, may be in great part alfo formed by their means. Phil. Tranf. N°. 169. p. 920.

In fome places however we have inftances of their effects on the furface of the earth. The many bubbling or boiling foun- tains which we fee in England, and other countries, are prin- cipally occafioned by the forcible burfting up of thefe Effluvia through the mud and water. Our burning well, in Lanca- shire, has no peculiar property in its water, but only an in- flammable vapour rifes through it, making it boil and bubble on the furface of the water; and this vapour will, as foon as Set at liberty from the water, take flame at a lighted candle. The famous boiling fpring near Paroul, in the neighbourhood of Montpelier, which was fo long fuppofed to be of a peculiar nature, was found by Mr. Ray to be but common water, through which a vapour of the fame kind made its way. This has been Since alfo farther confirmed by Dr. Robinfon, who obferved that all the water thereabouts was more or lefs affected by this bubbling ; the vapour making its way thro' the whole furface of the earth there. Water, taken up with an earthen veffel, had none of this property, nor any peculiar tafte or virtue, and the fand, or mud, from the bottom, had no effect upon other water. But what is a farther proof of the whole appearance being owing to Effluvia from beneath is, that the cracks of the earth all thereabouts perfpire Strongly a vapour of this kind ; fo that if little ftraws, or Sticks, be laid upon the furface, they will be blown up ; and if a hole be dug in the ground, in any part, and common water poured into it, it will boil up and bubble in the fame manner as thefe

I Springs.