Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/621

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currying of them ought to be carefully performed every morning, but not in the ftable, for the duft to fall upon the other horfes, as it is too often done. After the horfes are duft- ed, they fhould daily twift a whifp of ftraw hard up, and wet- ing it in water, rub the legs, fhoulders and body with it. Ma- ny of the difeafes of Draught- Horfes, which are not owing to naftinefs, are owing to bad water ; fiich as are too raw, too muddy, or too cold, being all improper. If there be any running ft ream in the neighbourhood, they fhould always be had to that to water, every day in fummer, but in winter, well- water is warmtfh, and is better for them. If there be a ne- ceffity of giving them well-water in fummer, it muft be drawn up fome hours before the time, and expofed to the furi- beams in tubs or troughs ; marfh-water or that of lowland ditches is worft of all. When the labouring horfe has drank his water, he fhould have his oats given him, and thefe fhould be carefully fifted, and the manger dufted fir ft. It is a com- mon practice as foon as a horfe is come in from his work, to rub down the legs with a hard whifp cf hay, but the beft judges of horfes, abfolutely condemn this, and obferve, that this rubbing of the legs after hard labour, brings down hu- mours into them, and makes them ft iff.

The rubbing itfelf is wholefome, but the doing it when the creature is hot is the mifchief; while a horfe is in a fweat it is a great relief and refreshment to him to have his body rub- bed down, but when he is cool is the proper time to rub his legs. The racks are to be well fupplied with hay, and the horfes fhould 'be left to reft and eat, about two hours, and then led to water ; after this their pats fhould be given them, and they fhould then go to work again.

In the evening when the labour of the day is over, the fir ft thing to be done, is to examine the feet, and fee if any thing is amifs about the fhoes, and what earth or gravel is lodged in the foot, between the fhoe and the fo!e, Is fo be picked out with a knife, and fome frefh cow-dung put in its place, which will cool and fefrefli the part.

A very material thing for the prefervation of all forts of cattle, but of none fo much as Draught- Horfes ■, is frefh and clean litter; this is a thing too often neglected in the care of thefe creatures, and many even neglect ■ the cleaning away the old litter on purpofe, leaving it there to imbibe more motfture, that it may be the better manure Sox the land. It is. true, that by this the dung is enriched and will go farther, but the benefit they reap from this, is nothing in comparifon of the mifchief they do the horfe in the mean time; for the heat this gives his feet, is alone enough to ruin him. The owner often finds the effect: of this, without knowing the caufe; the horfe becomes tender footed and weakly, and is unable to do his bufmefs, though fed in the beft manner that can be ; the dung in this cafe is hit under him that there may be fome advantage from his feeding, and the diftemper is increafed inftead of being relieved, till in the end the horfe is generally rendered ufelefs.

DRAWING a cajl, among bowlers. Sec Bowling.

DREAMS— According to Walfius every dream takes its rife from fome fenfation, and is continued by the fucceffion of phan- tafms in the mind. His reafons are, that, when we dream we imagine fomething, or the mind produces phantafms ; but no pbantafm can arife in the mind, without a previous fen- fation: hence neither can a dream arife without fome previous fenfation. He obferves farther, that tho' it be certain a pri- ori, from the nature of the imagination, that. dreams muft begin by fome fenfation, yet that it is not eafy to confirm this by experience; it being often difficult to diftinguifh thofe flight fenfations, which give rife to dreams from phantafms or objects of imagination. Yet this is not impoffible in fome cafes, as when the weak fenfation fufficient to give rife to a dream gradually becomes ftronger, fo as to put an end to it, as it often happens in uneafy and painful fenfations. Wolf. Phy- chol. empir. §.123.

The feries of phantafms, or objeas of imagination which con- ftitute a Dream, feem to be Efficiently accounted for, from the law of imagination, or of affociation ; tho* it may be ex- tremely difficult to affign the caufe of every minute difference, not only in different fubjects, but in the fame, at different times and in different circumftances. We have an effay on this fubject by M. Formey, in the Mem. de L'Acad. de Berlin. Tom. 2. p. 316. He exprefsly adopts Wolfius's propofition abovement toned a that every dream begins by a fenfation, and is continued by a feries of acts of imagination, or of phan- tafms ; and that the caufe of this feries is to be found in the law of the imagination ''. [ a Pfychol. empir. §. 123,

3 2I > 3 2 7- b Si naturale fomnium eft, initium capere de- bet per legem fenfationis, & continuari per legem imaginatio- nis. Wolf. Pfychol. rational. § 327.]

Hence he concludes thofe Dreams to be fupernatural, which .either do not begin by fenfation, or are not continued by the law of the imagination, ibid. §, 328, 329. A learned author has lately aU'erted, that our dreams are prompt- ed by fepar ate immaterial beings. He contends, that the pban- tafm, or what is properly called the vifion, is not the work of the foul itfelf, and that it cannot be the effea of mechani-

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ealcaufes; and therefore feemsto conclude, they muft be tlie work of feparate fpirits. afling on our minds, and giving us ideas while we deep. We muft refer to the Author of this extraordinary hypothefis, for a farther account of it. See Kflay on the phenomenon of dreaming, in the 2d vol. of the Enquiry mto the nature of the human foul, «1 edit. Lond »745-

Dreams, in medicine. —The phyficians who have accurately examined the ftate of their patients in every particular circum- ftance, have not omitted at times, to enquire into their dreams in thofe hours of ileep which their ill ftate allows them, and partly from experience, partly from reafon and analogy have found, that there are many prel'ages of difeafes to come, and many indications of fuch as are prefent, but unperceived, at leaft not feen in their full extent, to be had from what the fenfes fuffer in Dream;. Indeed if Dreams are different from what might be expefled from the bufinefs of the day, or the turn of thought before, they may always be looked upon as figns of a more or lefs diftempered ftate of the body, and the true condition of that ftate, may often be better learned from them, than from any other means. What has been obferved by phyficians in regard to the prognofticks from Dreams, may be fumm'd up in the following manner ; to dream of fire in- dicates a redundance of yellow bile; to dream of fogs orfmoak indicates a predominancy of black bile ; to dream of feeing a fall of rain or fnow, or a great quantity of ice, fticws that there is a redundance of phlegm in the body; he who fancies himfelf converfant among ftinks may be affured, that he har- bours fome putrid matter in his body ; to have red things re- prefented before you in deep, denotes a redundance of blood ; if the patient dreams of feeing the fun, moon and ftars, hurry on with prodigious fwiftnefs, it indicates an approaching deli- rium ; to dream of a turbid fea, indicates diforders of the bel- ly ; and to dream of feeing the earth overflowed with water, or of being immerged in a pond or river, indicates a redun- dance of watery humours in the body ; to dream of feeing the earth burnt or parched up, is a fign of great heat and drynefs ; the appearance of monfters and frightful enemies, indicates deliriums in difeafes; and to dream often of being thrown down from fome very high place, threatens an approaching vertigo, or fome other diforder of the head, as an-epilepfy, apoplexy, or the like. Thefe and a great many others are the obfervations of Hippocrates on the dreams of his patients. From thofe and from fome farther affiftances, Lomnius has carried the fubjeS to a very great length, and given many rules of judging from them. Lomnii Med. Obf. But quaere, how true.

DREGS of Oil, a name given by the people who trade in oil, to that coarfe and thick part of it, which fubfides to the bot- tom, of the veflels in which great quantities of it are kept. This is not fit for the common ufes of the clear oil at the top, but there are feveral purpofes to which it ferves very well. Great quantities of thefe lees 01 Dregs of common oil are ufed by the foapboilcrs, principally in making the common foft foap. The leather-drefl'ers alfo ufe it in confiderable quantities tofoften the hides they are employed to prepare for the feveral artificers who ufe them. Some of thefe Dregs are alfo ufed in the making of flambeaux, which inftead of being made of yellow wax as pretended, are ufually compofed of pitch, rofin and this oil, mixed in fuch a proportion as to make a mafs of a proper hardnefs and confidence. People who ufe preffes, and other works in which there are many fcrews, fometimes buy this to greafe their fcrews, inftead of foap or fuet. Thefe are the ufes mentioned by Savary ; but befide thefe we have in England another manufacture, which confumes a greater quantity, then all thefe put together. This is the making fper- ma ceti, fome perfons among us have found the art of making this out of the fasces of oil, and will give an oilman at any time as much clear oil in exchange for thefe dregs, as they are in quantity. All the other ufes of thefe dregs leave the trader at a great lofs ; and as Savary obferves, the more faxes the oil contains, the greater is the lofs to the buyer ; but with us, this is rendered equal, and there is no lofs in it. All forts of oil produce more or lefs faeces and Dregs, but of all others, the whale oil is obferved to produce the largeft quantity, and the nut oil the leaft. Savmy's Dift. Comm.

DRE1T DREIT, in our old writers, fignifies a double right, that is, jus pdjfeffmiis & jus dominii. Brafton lib. 4. c. 27. and lib. 4, tract 4. c. 4. and lib. 5. trail, ?. c. c. Coke on Littl.

. fol. 266.

DRENGAGE, Drengagium, vel fervitium Drengagii, in our old writers, the tenure by which the Drenches held their lands ; concerning which, fee Term. Trin. 21 EJw. 3. Ebor. and Northum. Rot. igi. Notandum ejl, eos omnes eorumve ante* eejj'ores, qui e Drengorum clajfe erant, vel per Drengagium te- nuere, Jua incoluiffe patrimonia ante adventum Normammiun. Spelm. Gloft. Du Cange, Glofl". Lat. in voc. Drenches.

DREPAKON, £\finrttvov, among the Greeks, an engine of iron crooked like a fickle and fixed to the top of a long pole. It was ufed in cutting afunder the cords of the fail yards," in or- der to difable the fhip by letting tall the fails, and was other- wife called Dorydrepanon.- Potter Archsol. T. 2. p. 141.

DRESSING