Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/615

 DOG

and fcarce exceed the length of the cup. The gerrrien of the piftil is of a three-corner'd ihape, the ftyle is Tubulated and very long, and the ftigma is iimplc. The fruit is a roundifh capfule, having three inflated cells with prominent angles. The feeds are contained one in eaeh cell. The cup has fometimes four fegments, and the fruit four cells. Linna-i, Gen. PI. p. 159. DODRA, in Roman antiquity, a drink prepared from nine dif- ferent ingredients ; which are enumerated by the cpisramma- tiil in the following line,

Jus, aqua, mcl, vinu?n, pains, piper, herba, oleum, fal.

Vid. Aufin. Epigram. 86. Pklfc. Lex. Ant. in voc.

DOG (Cycl.) — The manner of chufing a Dog and bitch for breeding of good whelps is this. The bitch muft be of a good kind, and well proportioned, with large ribs and flanks. The Dog muft be of a good kind, and young. The beft rule is, that a young Dog and an old bitch breed excellent whelps. The months of January, February, and March are the beft for thefe creatines to couple in. The bitch fhould be ufed to a good kennel, that ihe may like it after her whelping, and {he ought to be kept warm at the time. The whelps fhould be weaned at two months old, and the firft or fecond never chofen. Among the reft it is hard to chufe which is beft : but many prefer that which was pupped laft againft all other ap- pearances.

Another method of chufing is the taking the cunning of the bitch into the afliftance, by removing the whole litter out of the kennel, and watching to fee which file takes up firft to carry back: this is efteemed the beft and ftrongeft puppy. Others chufe by weight, efteeming the lighten: puppy likely to make the beft Dog. As foon as the choice is made, which fhould be foon after the creature has littered, all thofe are to be drowned which are not pitched upon, that thofe which are to be bred up may have the more care and the better nourifh- ment. Hounds ior the chace are to be chofen by their co- lours : the white with black ears and a black fpot at the fet- ting on of the tail, are generally efteemed the beft to compofe a kennel of, and are of the beft fcent and condition. The black houad, the black tanned, or the all liver-colour'd, or all white, the true Talbots, are beft for the ft ring or line ; and the grizzled, whether mixed or unmixed, if their hairs are fhagged, are ufually the beft runners. There fhould always be a couple of thefe in the pack.

The general marks of a good hound are, that the head be in a good proportion, neither too long, nor too round, but rather inclining to the former than the latter; the noftrils fhould be even, the ears large, the back broad, the fillet great, the haunches large, the thighs well truffed, the hams ftrait, tall, and big near the reins, the reft flender, the leg fhould be big, and the fole of the foot dry, and in the form of that of a fox, with long and large claws.

Doc-Fly, Cynomyla, in natural hiftory, the name of a fpecies of fly common in woods and among bufhes, and particularly troublefome to dogs. It ufually feizes upon the ears, and 'tis in vain to beat it off, for it returns in a moment, and cannot be prevented but by being killed. It flings very feverely, and always raifes a blifter in the part. It fomewhat refembles the flat black fly fo troublefome to cattle. It has no trunk, but has two teeth much refembling thofe of the wafp. Its wings are always placed fo clofe upon its body that they are not feen. There are two kinds of it, one larger and found in woods, and the other common in hedges.

"DoG-Roje, a name for the common bryar or hip-tree. It is obfervable of fome Kinds of this fhrub, that the flowers fmell extremely iweet in the night, or very early in the morning, but not at all fo in the day-time. The reafon of which feems to be the fame as in all the nocluolent plants, of which there are feveral kinds, as fome of the geraniums, and of thejaf- mines, C3V. that is, that the fun exhales and diflipates their odorous effluvia in the day-time as foon as they are expanded from the flower, but that in thefe cold times the vapours are condenfated, and reach our nofe in an agreeable manner. Phil.Tranf. N p 114.

Mad Dog. See Mad.

IVaicr Dog. See Water.

DOGA, in antiquity, a large vcfTel into which the wine was put when newly brought from the vintage. Pklfc. Lex. Ant. in voc.

DOGGERS, in the Englifh alum works, a name given by the workmen to a fort of ftone found in the fame mines with the true alum rock, and containing fome alum, though not nearly fo much as the right kind. The county of York, which a- bounds greatly with the true alum rock, affords alfo a very confiderable quantity of thefe Doggers ; and in fome places they approach fo nearly to the nature of the true rock, that they are wrought to advantage.

Whether the finer of thefe Doggers, or the right alum rock be ufed, they always add urine and a fea-weed in the making the alum. Moft of the hills between Scarborough and the river Tees abound in both kinds of ftone, and there is alfo a great Supi'l. Vol. I,

DOG

abundance of it about Prefton in Lancafhire. It is of a Mu. lfll colour. Thofe mines which lie deep in the earth, and are . tolerably well moiftened with fprings, are the beft. Thofe mines that are abfolutely dry are not good, and the ftone they contain is often of the Dogger kind inftead of the true rocli On the other hand, where there is too much water the ftone is apt to be rotted and corrupted, and a great quantity of the alum is loft.

The mine often lies feventy yards or more under the furface of the earth ; and for the more convenient working of it, they generally begin to dig on the declining of a hill, where they may have water at command. They dig down the mine by ftages to fave carnage, and to throw down the ftone ore near tile place where they calcine it.

The true alum rock, while it remains in the earth, is a hard ftone ; but on being expofed to the air, it moulders in pieces, and yields a liquor of which vitriol or copperas is made • but being calcined, it yields no vitriol, but is fit for the making of the alum. The Doggers are of the fame hardnefs with the true rock while in the earth, but they do not break and moulder fo eafily in the air where the mine is all of the true rock. There will often iffue out at its fides a brackifti water, which is a fort of liquid alum, and with the fun's heat will be evaporated, and leave pure alum behind it. The genera! way of calcining the rock is with cinders of Newcaftle coal, wood, and furze-bufhes. The fire place is made about two foot and a half thick, two yards wide, and ten yards long ; and betwixt every two fires of this kind there are flops made of wet rubbifh, fo that any one or more of them may be kindled without damage to the reft. They lay on every heap of this fewel eight or ten yards thicknefs of the alum rock broken to pieces, and then kindling the fire, as it burns up toward the top, they lay on more and more of the rock. The fulphur remaining in the ftones affifts the burning ; and if the heap be finally carried to twenty yards high, it will burn as fiercely at the top as at the bottom. When the ftones are properly cal- cined they become whitifh ; but in windy weather the'fire is apt to be irregular, and where it is carried moft by the wind it over calcines the ftones, and makes them red ; and where it has leaft force, they are left black and half calcined ; fo that to the proprietor of a work of this kind, it is of great confe- quence to attend a fair day for the burning. The alum rock when thus calcined is thrown into pits of water, where there is a communication with other pits to the number of four • and it is fo contrived, that every parcel of the alum rock i's wafhed with four waters, and every quantity of the liquor, be- fore it comes to the boiling, has wafhed four parcels of the rock ; every quantity of the rock is left four and twenty hours fteeping in the water, and confequently every parcel of the liquor is four days in preparing before it comes to the boiling- houfe.

When the works are firft begun in any place, they ufually boil the liquor into alum alone without the mixture of any other ingredient ; but after a time they generally add the fea- weed and urine to fave expence by procuring the more alum from an equal quantity of rhe liquor. The things they add are the urine of healthful people, and the fait extraaed' from the fea-weed, which is a fort of pot-aftl. The urine of poor labouring people, who drink little ftrong drink, is beft. The kelp or pot-aftl is put into the liquor while boiling, but the urine is put into veflels of wood cover'd with clay, and the li- quor after boiling is put to it. The redder the liquor looks, the more urine is required in proportion to it. The liquor re- mains four days in thefe veflels ; the alum begins to flioot on the fecond day, and continues (hooting till the end of the fourth. The mailers of the works not being willing to lofe time, never fuffer the liquor to remain more than four days in the coolers : they tell the workmen that if it ftood longer the fait would turn to copperas or green vitriol, which ftory, how- ever abfurd, is firmly believed by them. Temperate weather is greatly the moft eligible for alum ma- king; if the weather be too hot, the liquor is longer in cool- ing, and the alum in gathering, than it fhould be, and is al- ways obtained in lefs quantity, though purer, than other- wife. In very cold and frofty weather, on the other hand, the alum fhoots too foon, and the nitrous matter and fiime not having time to fubfide, are mixed with the alum. This produces fometimes a double quantity of alum, but fo foul, that it is afterwards in great part confumed in the wafhing. This wadiing is done with water already impregnated very ftrongly with alum, fo that the fait when tolerably pure lofes little or nothing by it. Being wafhed, it is put into another pan with a quantity of water, where it melts and boils a little ; and thence it is fcraped into a great cask, where it common- ly ftands ten days, and is then lit for the market. The Doggers treated in the fame manner as the alum rock yield the fame fait, but in lefs quantity, and arc often not worth the ex- pence of working ; as fome of them are however much richer in alum than the others, it is always worth while to try them, where they are found in large quantities, and in fuffict- ently convenient places for working. Philofoph. Tranfaft. N° 142. .

9 ' Dooc-eh-