Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/597

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It !s in the whole of much the fame length with the cup, and is Shorter, and bent above.

The carina is the lower petal, and is often divided into two fegments : this is placed under the vexillum, and between the alas ; it is of the fhape of a boat, being hollow and comprefled at the iides : it represents, in its pofture, as well as lhape, a boat on the water^ but it is mutilated at the bafe, and is ex- tended in its lower part into an unguis, which is of the length of the cup, and is inferted into the receptacle. The lateral and upper part being jagged, is received among the like part of the alas : the fides of the carina are of a fhape, refembling the wings; and their Situation, in the flower, is much the fame, but they Stand fomewhat more inward and lower. The carina or line of this petal is carried Strait along half the petal; after this it arifes into a fegment of a circle, but the marginal line runs Strait quite to the apex, where it forms an obtuie angle, with the extremity of the ca- rina, or line. The Stamina, in thefe flowers, which are called Diadelphia, are two filaments of different fhape, one of them ftands below the piftil, and in a manner involves it; and the other Stands above, and is depreSTed upon it. The lower fila- ment, which involves the germa of the piftil, is, in its lower half, membranaceous, of a cylindric figure, and fplit open. In its upper part, where it divides itfelf into nine parts of a fubulated figure, which in their length and flexure refemble the lhape of the carina ; the intermediate or lower fegi'ments among thefe are longer alternately in pail's. The upper fila- ment is of a fubulated and fetofe make, it covers the flit in the middle of the lower filament before defcribed ; it lies upon this, and is placed in the fame direction, and is Shorter ; it Separates itfelf from the other at the bafe, and gives paifage to a honey-like liquor.

The antheras of the whole flower are ten in number ; there are nine of them placed on the fegments of the lower fila- ment, and one on the fummit of the upper one which has no divifion ; they are Small, but are all of equal fize in the fame flower.

The piftil, in thefe flowers, is fingle, and grows from the re- ceptacle within the cup. Its germen is of an oblong figure, fomewhat cylindric, but comprefled in a flight manner ; it is ft rait, and is of the length of the cylindric part of the lower filament, by which it is involved and inclofed. The Stile is of a fubulated capillary form and afcendant, its length and Situation in the flower are the fame with thofe of the radii or fegments of the upper part of the lower filament, among which it is placed ; this ftile is not permanent, but wi- thers with the Stamina.

The Stigma is hoary, it is of the length of the ftile, it turns upward, and is placed immediately under the Stamina and antherae.

The fruit, in all the plants of this clafs, is an oblong cylindric and fomewhat flatted pod ; this is obtufe, bivalve, and mark- ed with two futures, the one above and the other below, each running the whole length of the pod, and the upper one de- fending a little at the bafe, otherwife they are all the way ftrait ; the pod always naturally opens at the upper future. The feeds are contained feveral in every pod, and are of a roundifh figure, fmooth, fleShy, and pendulous, and have a mark of an embryo, prominent near that part where they are inferted to the fides of the pod. The proper receptacles of the feeds are very fmall, Short, and attenuated at the bafe, obtufe in the disk, of an oblong figure, and are inferted longi- tudinally into the upper future of the pod ; and this, in fuch an order, that when a pod is carefully opened, onehalf of the feeds are always found in one of the valves, and the other half on the other.

This is a perfect natural clafs of plants, and is the molt re- markable of all others in the Structure of the flower. The common fituation of the flower is in an obliquely pendulous di- rection, it inclines toward an acute angle from a perpendicular line. The former fyftematifts, in botany, as Linnaeus ob- ferves, took great notice of the pod in this clafs of plants, and thought it the principal fubject of distinction ; but he very judicioufly makes it but of very little confequence, and will

Hyperbolaeon Tetrachord

"Ncte Hyperbolaeon — . — a a

Paranete Hyberbolaeon —

Trite fL'perboIzeon =Nete Diezeugmenon

Paranete Diezeugmenon — d

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not allow it fuflkieilt to diftinguifh the genera one ffonK another: but the cup, which had always before his time been difrcgarded, lie efteems a very eflential part of the plant, and fufficiently certain to erect the different genera upon in many cafes. Some of the old writers had been ufed to take the leaves into their marks, by which to diftinguifh genera of this ciafs ; but Linnaeus wholly excludes this part of a plant from this office. Magnol has obferved, that the carinas of the diadelphia or papilionaceous flowers is dipetalous, and is compofed of two distinct oblong petals; the lower edges of which join fo nicely and clofely together, that they feem only one; and are not joined in their fubltance, but only in their fituation. Linnaeus has Strictly examined this, and finds that the author is fo far right, that this is really the cafe in many of the papilionaceous flowers, but not in all : fome not only appearing to have, but really and certainly having a carina compofed of only one petal.

The confideration of the Stigma, is of more confequence in this than in molt other flowers, and even more than that of any other part of the fructification in this. The feeds of all the plants of this clafs are eatable, excepting in a very few particulars ; their leaves alfo are a grateful food to cattle. Linn. Gen. Plant, p. 337.

DIADOCHUS, in natural hiftory, the name given by the an- tients to a gemm, approaching to the nature of the beryl or aqua marine, probably a pale Sapphire ;for they had no pecu- liar generical name for that gemm, but call'd the beautiful deep coloured ones only sky blue beryls, berylli acroides. The writers of the middle ages have given Strange accounts of the magical virtues of this Stone, fuch as its calling up fpirits, and many other the like things, on being thrown into water: they faid, however, that if it happened by any accident to touch a dead body it loft all its virtue.

DIADROME, is fometimes ufed for the vibration, motion, or fwing of a pendulum.

DI/ERESIS, /Wfej/?, a figure in Grammar, otherwife called Tmcfis. See Tmesis, Cycl

DliETETyE, AtatTtnat, among the Athenians, were of two forts, the cleroti and diallacterii. The former were a kind of public arbitrators, chofen by lot, to determine all caufes exceed- ing ten drachms within their own tribe. Their office was annual, at the expiration of which they were obliged to give up their accounts; and if it was proved, that they rem fed to give judgment, or to have been corrupted, they were punifh- ed with infamy. Their fentence, however, was not final, an appeal lying from it to the fuperior courts. The Diallafierii, on the contrary, were private arbitrators, from whofe fentence there lay no appeal; and accordingly they always took an oath, to adminilter juftice without par- tiality, which the Cleroti did not. Potter's Archxol. Graec. I. 1. c. 22, T. 1. p. 122. feq.

DIAGLAUC1UM, a name given by the old writers on medi- cine to a fort of collyrium, m which the juice of the glau- cium, or yellow poppy, was a principal ingredient. It was ufed for beginning lippitudes and ophthalmies.

DIAGONALS™/*. See Scale, Cycl

DIAGRAM [Cycl,)— The mufical fcale or Diagram of the an- tients, was of the compafs of two octaves, and contained eigh- teen founds, whofe ufual Greek names are mentioned in the Cyclopaedia from Malcolm's Treat, of Mufic, p. 519. Martianus Capella mentions them by the following names, which he thus tranflates into Latin :

Yl°ja-h.eiiJ.QdLvoiJ.ivQ- j Adquifitus : u'tccth vta™?, principalis prin- cipalium : ■7ra.pvnx.7v ■uaraTOP, fub-principalis principalium : ijsrecrai' J)o.tzv@~, principalium extent! : \jartfTij (juG&y, principalis medi- arum : jrapumiTj) (j.zoz>t>, fub-principalis mediarum : y.io&v Jiaro- v@-, mediarum ex tenta : jagpjj, media: tzltv aftvvy!.f^m f tertia conjun&arum : avpnu//^Jco,' e/><*7zp©-,conjim£r.ar«m externa : cutu cwnptfoue, ultima conjunclarum : -a^f^iro, prope media : re^TH •FiiCjujl/jfyw, tertia divifarum : ttn(^u\fid^av J)a.7oy@-, divifarum cxtenta : vimi tfit^n-fffyw, ultima divifarum. twtsi -^srifCohai^v, tertia excellcntium : xar^ZaKcuuv Jia-ro^Q-, excellentium extenta : vhtw ■OarseCcAcuiui', ultima excellentium. Wa/lis"s Append, ad Ptolem. Harm. p. 1^6.

We Shall here infert the whole Diagram, or Greek Scale, with the correfponding letters of our modern notation.

DiezeugmenonTetrachord ■{

Trite Diezeugmenon — — c ^Paramefe — — — iyh

— Nete Synemmenon

— Paranete Synemmenon

►Synemmenon Tetrachord,

Mefe

Trite Synemmenon

Mefe

Mefe