Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/580

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CYNORRHODON, the dog-rofe, the common wild briar, or wild white rofe, the fruit of which is the hip, fo common in our hedges. Mont. 51.

CYNOSBATOS, in botany, a word ufed as the name of diffe- rent ftirubs by different authors. It is now generally ufed as the name of the wild, ot dog-rofe', but fome authors have ap- plied it to the common bramble; others to the oxycanthus, and others to the caper bufli. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. The fruit of the wiidrofe is the hip, ufed in conferve, and faid

1 to be good in diforders of the breaft, &c. £htnc, Pharm.

CYNOSPASTOS, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the garden piony. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

CYNOSL'KUS, dog's-tail, in botany, a kind of grafs called crijiata by Schenchzer, and other authors; but in the Li n- nasan fyftem of botany, under this name, it makes a di- ftinct genus of plants, the characters of which are, that the cup is only a partial covering, lying on one fide, but large, and made of two leaves which are pennated, and re- main when the flower is fallen. The glume contains ma- ny flower?, and is bivalve, the valves being (lender, point- ed, and equal in fize ; the flower is made of two valves, the exterior one is long, hollow, and bearded ; the interior plain, and naked. The ftamina are three capillary filaments ; the anthers are oblong; the germen of the piftillum is of a turbinated form ; the ftyles are two in number, hairy and crooked ; the ftigmata are fingle ; the flower does not open, but nicely enclofes the feed, which is fingle, of an oblong fhape, and pointed at both ends, Linn at Gen. PI.

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CYNOZOLOS, in botany, a name given by fome of the old Greek writers, and, from them, copied by Pliny, and the Latins, to exprefs the black chameleon thijile, a pozfon- ous plant which it was very necefiary to diftinguifh per- fectly from the plant called the white chameleon thiftle, which was a fafe and efculent plant.

CYPERUS. In the Linnaean fyftem of botany, this is a ge- nus of plants, the characters of which are, that the cup is an imbricated fpike, the feveral fcales of which are fome- what bent, of an oval figure, and boat-like form ; and fcrve to keep the flowers feparate. It has no petals ; the ftami- na are three extremely fhort filaments ; and the anthers are oblong and furrowed ; the germen of the piftillum is ex- tremely fmall ; the ftyle is thread-like, and very long ; the ftigmata are three, and of a capillary form ; it has proper- ly no fruit but a fingle, three-cornered, pointed, and naked feed. See Tab. 1. of Botany, Clafs 15. Linncsi Gen. Plant. p. 12.

Cyperus root, in the materia medica, the name of a root ufed in medicine, of which there are two kinds, the long and the round ; the long cyperus is of our own growth ; the round, when genuine, we have from the Eaft-Indies, but what is ufually fold is the root of a baftard kind, common about our own ditches, and called by authors, by way of di- ftinction from the Indian kind cyperus rotundus nofiras. TheIndian,round cyperus is a knobbed root, full of fmall fpecks and tubercles, brown on the outfidc, and greyifh within, of a ilightly fweetfmell, and of an acrid tafte. The long cyperus is an oblong root, covered with a great number of fibres, not eafily broke,of a dufky brown without, and a pale bright grey within, of an acrid tafte,and very agreeable fmell,when freftiand good. The plants which produce them both, grow in watery places, and have leaves and flowers in fome meafurc refcmbling the water grafies, which from their refemblance totbefe, are com- monly called cyperus graftes. They are both pollened of the fame virtues, and cure ill fcented breaths, and are good in ne- phritic diforders, and in colics, and in diforders of the womb. They are taken either in powder, or decoction. Pomefs Hift. of drugs, p 33.

The roots of cyperus are attenuants, and deobftruents, promote urine, and the menfes, are good ftomachics, and ferviceable in the firft ftages of the dropfy.

CYPHOMA, Cvphos, and Cyphosis, in medical writers, an incurvation of the fpine, forming a crookednefs of the back. Biancard. in voc.

CYPHON, kvQw, in antiquity, a kind of punifhtnent ufed by the Athenians; it was a collar made of wood, fo called becaufe itconftrained the criminal who had this punifhment inflicted on him to bow down his head. Pott. Arch. Grac. 1. i.e. 25. T. 1. p. 130.

CYPRESS, (Cycl.) cuprejfus, in botany. SeeCupRESSUs. - Cyprefs nut is a very powerful aftringent and balfamic. In di- arrhoeas, and dyfenterics, there is fcarce any fimple medicine preferable to it. It is alfo faid to be a good febrifuge ; but at prcfent is little regarded in the fhopt..

The cyprefs tree, though found in moft of our old gardens, is, at prcfent, lefs regarded than it really deferves. It adds a conftderable beauty to wildernefl'es, or clumps of evergreens. But, befides this, it ought to be cultivated on account of its valuable wood. See the Cyclopaedia. . All the fpecies of cyprefs are propagated from feeds : thefe fhould be fown early in the ipring,. on a bed of warm, dry, fandy earth, which fhould be levelled very fmooth. If the wea- ther prove warm and dry, it will be proper to water the bed,

taking care not to wafli the feeds out of the ground : in about a month's time, the plants will appear above-ground, which ought to be kept free of weeds. After remaining two years in this bed, they may be tranfplanted into a nurfery : the beft feafon for removing them is in April, on a cloudy day that feems to threaten rain ; and, in taking them out of the feed- bed, the roots ftiould be preferred entire, with a ball of earth to each plant. When they have been three or four years in the nurfery, they may be planted out for good ; and, if defign- ed for timber, the diftance of eighteen or twenty feet fhould be allowed every way around them. They mull be well watered at firft to fettle the earth to their roots, which ought to be frequently repeated, if die weather proves dry. Miller's Garden. Diet.

CYPRIANUS, in ichthyology, the name given by Ariftotle to the carp. He has alfo called it cyprines, and Athenseus, Oppi- an, and many other of the Greek writers ufe indifferently the one, or the other of the words. See Cyprinus.

CYPRINUS, in the Artcdian ichthyology. The name of a very extenfive genus of fifties, comprehending what iiavebeen before efteemed many different genera; the characters are thefe : the branchioftege membrane on each iide contains three bones ; the whole mouth is fmooth and toothlefs, but low down in the jaws there are two hard and ferrated bones, which ferve as teeth, and over againft thefe, there is one foft oval bone to anfwer them. The air bladder is as it were tied with a thread in the middle, and fo divided into two parts. The fifh is of the malacopterygious kind, and the two jaws are ufu- ally of the fame length, but fometimes the lower one is fome- what longer than the upper. Artedi Gen. Pifc. 3. The fpecies of this comprehenfive genus are thefe: J. The cyprinm with the iris of the eye, and the fins of the belly, and the anus, ufually red. This is the common roach called mort by theSwedes. 2. The cyprinus with the iris,and all the fins and tail red. This is the fifh czWed farfand rontag by theSwedes; the wholeback is convex, and the pinna ani has fourteen bones ; the vertebras of this fifh are thirty-feven in number. 3. The five inch cyprinm, with twenty-five bones in the pinna ani. This is the fifh called biorh, or biorkna, fometimes the biork-&{h by the Swedes ; the iris is of a filvery colour, and the fifh was ne- ver defcribed till Artedi met with it. 4. The cyprinm with a yellow iris, and with thirty-feven bones in the pinna ani. This is called by the Swedes farm ; the back is fomewhat fharp in the fore- part, and the belly, toward the anus, is alfo /harp ; the fins are all of a hoary appearance, and the number of the ver- tebra is forty-four. 5. The broad and thin cyprinus, with for- ty bones in the pinna ani. This is the ballerus of authors ; the iris is of a filvery colour ; all the fins are white ; the length, is feldom fo much as a fpan. 6. The mucous cyprinus, of a black colour all over, having the end of the tail even, not fork- ed. This is the fifh called by authors the tinea, or tench ; the iris is red, and the linea lateralis is curved. 7. The cyprinus with twenty bones in the back fin, and the fide line ftrait. This is the "fifh called the earefjius by authors ; the back is fome- what acute in the anterior part, and the pinna ani has ten bones : the whole body of the fifh is of a yellowifti colour, and the upper jaw is longer than the under. 8. The cypri- nus with four cirri, with little hooks on the third bone of the back fin, and the pinna ani. This is the carp, or cyprinus no- btHs of authors ; it is diftinguifhed from all the others by the cirri at the mouth, by the fide lines being ftrait, and by the back fin having from twenty-three, to twenty-four bones ; the vertebra are thirty-feven. 9. The two inch cyprinus, with, red iris, and nine bones in the pinna ani. This is called by theSwedes the mud, budfitftitfpilig ; the body is long and thick, and the back convex. 10. The five inch' fpotted cyprinus f with the upper jaw longer than the under, and with two cirri at the mouth. This is the gudgeon, or gobiusjluviatis. n. The cyprinus with the upper jaw longer than the under, with four cirri, and with feven bones in the pinna ani. This is the bar- bel. 1 2. The oblong, large-fcaled cyprinus, with eleven bones in the pinna ani. 1 his is the chub, or chevin, the capita, or cephalus of authors; the fcales are large, and angular, and the upper jaw is longer than the under. 13. The oblong cypri- nus, with a filvery iris, and white fins. This is called Jla?n by the Swedes; the pinna ani has eleven bones, and the length of the fifh is fix or feven inches. 14. The cyprinus with a yel- low iris, with the belly fins and pinna ani, red. This is called ad by the Swedes ; the pinna ani has thirteen bones ; the whole back is convex, and the belly flat ; the fcales are large, and the linea lateralis curved; the length is fifteen, or fixtcen inches ; the body is very thick, and the vertebra? are in number forty-one. 15. The cyprinus with a nafiform fnout, very prominent, and with fourteen bones in the pinna ani. This is the nafus of authors; its belly is broad, and flat; all the fins of the under part of the body are fomewhat redifh; the fcales are large; the lateral line runs very near the belly ; the peritoneum is blackifh : it is a river fifh, and breeds in April. 16. The cyprinus with a nafiform fnout, with a fharp back, and with twenty-four bones in the pin- na ani. This fifh is called wimber by the Swedes, and was never defcribed till Artedi met with it; the fcales are large ; the belly is acute near the anus ; the ventral fins are pale- coloured,