Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/568

 C R O

C R U

CROSS (CycL)— Cro-ses, in mining, arc two nicies cut on the fuperficies of the earth, thus +• which the miners make when they take the ground, to dig for ore. This crofs gives the miners three days liberty to make, and fet on {tones. As many of thefe crones as the miner makes, fo many mears of ground he may have in the vein, if he fet on ftones within three days after- the making his trojs, or crojjh. But if he make hut one croft, and a fhnder-by makes the fecond, and a ftrangcr make? the third, every one is ferved with the next mear, according as they have firft or Iaff, fooner or later, made their croft, or crojjh, upon the ground. Houg'jion's compl Miner, in the Explan. of the Terms.

Cr-iss, in coins, a name given to the face, or right fide, the other being called the pile, or reverie. It has been a common error that the revere was meant by the crojs, be- caufe at this time with us marked with figures difpofed in that form; but the itamping the head of the prince in thefe kingdoms, on the right fide of the coin, was preceded by a general cuftom of linking on that part the figure of a crjs, while the other, called the pile, contained the arms, or feme other device. Simons^ Hift. Coins.

Crosses were ufually in former times erected on the tops of houfes, by which tenants pretended to claim the privileges of the templars hofpitallers, to defend thcmfelves againft their rightful lords. This was condemned by the ftatute W. 2. c. -■,•]. It was ufual alio, in thofc days, to fet up crojjh in places where the corps of any of the nobility refted, as it was carried to be buried, that a tranfeuntibus pro ejus animo deprecetur. IValftngbam, anno J 291.

QRosz-bar jbot, a round mot, or great bullet, with a bar of iron put through it, coming out at both ends 6 or 8 inches. It is of good ufe in fight, for cutting and fpoiling ropes, fails, Sec. Manwoyring.

Cross-<W/, in zoology, the Englifh name of the loxia y a fmall bird remarkable for its b^ak, which is hooked both ways, and has the points crofiing one another. It feeds on the kernels of fruits, and is very deftructive in orchards. Ray's Ornithol. p. 184. See Loxia.

Ci\Q$s-jack, in a fhip, is a yard at the upper end of the mi- zen malt, under the top, where it is flung; it hath no hal- liards, nor ties, belonging to it. Its ufe is to fpread, and hale on the mizen- top-fail ITieets. Manwayring.

Cross-/>/V(.-(?, in Chip-building, a great piece of timber going a-crofa the bit-pipes, and to which the cable is belayed. Mamvayring.

CROsi~trees 9 in a fhip, crofs pieces of timber fet on the head of the mail, and bolted, and let into one another very ftrongly. They are four in number, and arc generally called crofts-trccs, but, ftrictly fpcaking, only thofe which go thwart ihips, are called crofts-trees; the other, in the largeft fllips, are called Ereiffel- trees. Their ufe is to keep and bear the top malts up; for the foot of the top-mart is always fattened into them, fo that they bear all the flrefs. They alfo bear the tops, and are ncccfiary to all mafts which carry any other top, or flag-ftaff, at the head. Manwayring.

CRoss-f>w yard is a yard {landing fquare, juft under the mi- zen top, and to it the- mizen top is fattened below. See j Cross-_/<2c£.

CROSSE, a name given by the people of Guinea, and fome other parts of Africa, to a kind of fruit very common a- mong them. It very much refembles our common hazel- nut, but that the fhell is not fo hard. Phil. Tranf N 9 108.

CROTALARIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flowers are the fame with thofe of the broom, but the pods are very different, as they are tumid and fwollen in the manner of thofe of the anonis, not flatted, as in the broom; but the leaves {land (ingle, as in the broom, not trifoliately, as in the anonis. Thefpecies of crctalatia enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe : 1 . The Afiatic crotalaria, with fingle-hearted leaves, and blue flowers. 2. The Afiatic crotalaria, with Angle, heart-fafhioned leaves, and yellow flowers. 3. The fmall, hairy, American crcUilaria, with arrow-headed leaves. 4. The Borax-leaved, African crctalaria, with blue flowers. 5. The purple-flowered, American crotakria, with arrow-head- ed, arum-like leaves. 6. 1 he moneywort-leaved, Eaft-Indian crotalaria, with very fmall flowers, and pods. And, 7. The afarum-leaved, American crota'aria. Tourn. Lift. p. 644.

CROTALOPHORUS angm's, in zoology, the name ufed by the generality of authors for the rattle-fnake. See the article

RATTLE-y^i".

Crotai-ophorus angle's^ in zoology, is alfo the name of a very remarkable fpecies of ferpent, more ufually known by the name of cobra de capel'o. i-ec the article Cobr a de capcllo.

CROTALYSTRL7E, in antiquity, a kind of morrice-dancers admitted to entertainments, in order to divert the company with their dancing, and playing on an inftrument called crota- /«.',':, whence they had their name. See Cbotalum, Cycl.

CRO TAPHIC artery is ufed, by fome medical writers, to denote the tendon of the mufcle called aotaphitss, or temporalis. See Crotaphites, Cycl.

CROTAPH1UM, in medical writers, is ufed for a pain in the bead. Bluncard. See HzAD-acb.

CROTON, in botany, the name given by Linnams to a genus

of plants including the rici'ioides of Tournefort, and the bern- bardie of Houfton. The characters are thefe : it produces both male and female flowers feparate, but on the fame plant. The male flowers are fmaller than the female. In thefe the perian- thium is five-leaved, the leaves being of a long, acute, oval fi- gure, and erect. The flower confilts of five oblong, and ob- tufe petals, fcarcc longer than the leaves of the cup; the nec- taria are five fmall glands affixed to the cup; the ftamina are ten or fifteen filaments, of the length of the flower; the an- thers are roundifh and double. In the female plants the cup and flower are the fame as in the males; the piftil has a round- ifh germen, and three ftyles of the length of the flower, and bifid at the ends. The ftigmata are reflex and bifid. The fruit is a roundifh capfule, fceming divided into three lobes, and re- ally containing three cells. Each of thefe is bivalve, and of the bignefs of the leaves of the cup; the feeds are of a roundifh figure, and are placed one in each cell. The bernbardia, \\\ fome fpecies, produces male and female flowers on fcp.irate plants, which is not the cafe in the other plants of this genus. Linnm Gen. PI. 457. Tourn. 423. Houji.

CROW", in zoology, See Corvus.

Crow-w/. See the article Net.

CRow-jlaveSy in hufbandry, a name given to a part of aplough, fignifying two upright pieces Itanding perpendicularly, inferred into the box of the plough, near the wheels, and;ach pierced with two rows of holes; by means of which they fupport a tranfverfe piece, called the pillow of the plough, running a- crofs them, and ferving to raife or fink the beam, by being pinned higher or lower, according as th<* ground is to be ploughed deeper or Ihallowcr. Tail's Hufbandry. See Plouch.

CRow's-yW, in botany. See Ranunculus.

CROWN, (Cycl.) in antiquity. See Corona.

Crown, among jewellers, the upper work of the rofe diamond, which all centers in the point at the top, .and is bounded by the horizontal ribs. Jeffries on Diamonds.

Crown imperial, in botany. See Corona imperlalis.

There are feveral diftinct fpecies of this plant preferved in the gardens of the curious, ail which make a very elegant appear- ance; there are alfo a great number of varieties which are propagated from the feeds of one or other of the fpecies, in the fame manner with thofe of the tulip. See Tulip. When they are thus raifed, the beft time for tranfplanting their roots is in July or Auguft, before they' pufh forth new fibres; or they may be taken up out of the ground in June, after their green leaves are decayed, and kept till Auguft, and then planted out into beds of rich earth, with fome rotten dung buried deep in them. The moft pleafing method of planting them is at eight or ten feet diftance, in the middle of long flower beds : a hole of fix inches deep mould be opened with a fpade, and the root put into it, and the earth put in with the hand upon it, and all the ftones picked out, and the lumps broke. They now require no farther care, but in February will fhoot up, and grow fo quick, if the wea- ther be mild, as to flower in March. As this is ufually a win- dy feafon, it is proper to plant flakes in the earth, to tye thefe plants to, to prevent their being blown down; and it is a good caution never to gather the Sowers, which much weakens the roots; they mould, therefore, always be fufFered to die upon the ftalks. The roots fhould be removed once in three years, and their ofF-fets feparated, and planted in beds. Miller's Gardener's Diet.

CRUCIANELLA, a name by which Linnseus has called the plant ufually known by that of rubeola. This, accord- ing to the fyftcm of that author, makes alfo a diftinct genua of plants; the characters of which are, that the calyx is a three leaved perianthium, with narrow, rigid, comprefTed, and hollowed, pointed leaves; the flower confilts of a fingle petal, which forms a tube very {lender, of a cylindric form, and lon- ger rhan the cup, with a narrow rim, divided Into four feg- ments. The ftamina are four filaments, placed in the orifice of the tube; the anthers are fimple; the germen of the pi- ft ilium is comprefled, and placed between the cup and the flower; the ftyle is {lender, and of the length of the tube; the ftigmata are two in number, and are obtufe; the one of thefe terminates the ftyle, and the other is applied clofe to it, below its apex: the fruit is compofed of two capfules growing toge- ther; the feeds are fingte and oblong. Linncei Syitem.'Natur. p. 26.

CRUCIATA, croft-wort, in botany, the name of a o-enus of plants, the cbaraiters of which are thefe : that the flowers and fruit wholly agree with thofe ot the aparine, but the leaves grow in form of ftars round the ftalks, andonlyfour at a joint. See Aparine.

The fpecies of crojjwort enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe : 1. The common, hairy crojjwort. 1. The Jinooth crojjwort. 3. The broad-leaved, fmooth, mountain crojjwort. 4. The clufter flowered crojjwort. 5. The fmooth, flender- leaved, mountain crojjwort. 6. The roundim-lcaved, hairy, Pyrenean crojjwort. 7. The fmooth, broad-leaved, white- floweied Portugal crojjwort. S. The white, marfh crojjwort. 9. The leaft crojjwort. Tourn. Inft. p. 115. A decoction of this plant in wine has been recommended as a very excellent vulnerary and detergent. Camerarius tells us, that it is of great efficacy in attenuating and expectorating tough humors. CRUCIBLE