Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/562

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good, and opiates rather to do hurt. Medic. Ell. Edirib. abridg. vol. I. p. 70. See TussiS,

Cough, in infants. See Infant.

COVlNUS, among the antieiite, a kind of chariot, in which the Gauls and Britons ufed to fight in battles. Sec Hoijm. Lex. in voc.

COULTER, in hufbandry, that part of a plough which forms the edge, landing before the fliare of the plough, and cutting the clods as tile fhare tears them up. The coulter is an iron iriftrurhent of two foot eight inches in length, of near two inches breadth, and near one inch thick. It is driven through the beam of the plough, and fixed in its proper direction by a ■Wedge. See Plough.

The modern improvement of the plough by Mr.Tull, gives it four coulters ; the confequence of which is, that the earth ploughed up is cut four times as fmall as by the common plough, which has only one.

In all coulters, the length and direction are to be nicely regu- lated. The cutting the hole and driving the wedge, regulate the direction, and its length is altered from the beam by the driving it farther down, as its point wears away. The firft coulter in all ploughs ought to be laid in the beam, in the fol- lowing manner: Its back is to bear againft the back of the coulter hole, its right fide above, to bear againft the upper edge of the coulter hole, and its left fide to bear againft its lower edge; fo that there mould always be at leaft three wedges to hold the coulter ; the pole wedge before it, another on the left fide of it above, and a third on the right fide un- derneath ; and the hole muft be fo made, that the coulter Handing thus acrofs the hole, its point may incline fo much toward the left, as to be about two inches and a half farther to the left than the point of the fhare, if it were driven down fo low as it. But it never ought to be fo low in any plough. As to its bearing forward, the point of the coulter mould never be before the middle of the point of the fhare; but if it be let too obliquely, it will in the working, have greater power to move up the pole-wedge and get loofe. In the four coultercd plough, the three additional coulters muft all ftand in the fame pofition with this, in regard to the in- clination of their points one to another. This is a vail ad- vantage to them ; for by this means, when the fin of the plough is railed up, by turning the handles toward the left, their point do not rife out of the ground as they would do were it not for this inclination. In regard to their pointing forward, experience fhews, that it is beft that every one of the three fnould be a little more perpendicular than that next behind it : by this means there is a greater fpace left between them above than below, and the roots of weeds can never clog them up as they other wife would do, and by that means raife the plough out of the ground, if not picked clean by a man at times. None of thefe coulters ought to defcend fo low as the fhare, except when the land is to be ploughed very fhallow; it is al- ways fufficient fur them to cut through the turf, let the plough go as deep as it will; in plowing fjiallow, the fin of the fhare muft alfo be broad enough to cut off the fourth piece or fur- row ; elfe that lying very fait, will be apt to raife up the groundwrift, and throw out the plough ; but when the land is ploughed deeper, the groundwrift will break off" this fourth furrow, though the fin be not broad enough to reach it. TuWs Hufbandry.

OouLTER-Hci, or Counter-w£, in zoology, a name which the people in fomc parts of England call the auqs arclica cht- fii. See Duck.

COUNCIL and Seflien, in Scotland. See Sessions.

COUNTER (Cyc'l.) — Counters in fhip building are diftinguifhed into upper and lower. The upper counter is reckoned from the gallery to the lower part of the ftreight piece of the ftern. The lower counter is between the tranfom and lower part of the gallery.

CUUNTING-Wrf. See Abacus.

COUNTORS, Contours, or Counters, has been ufed for ferjeants at law, retained to defend a caufe, or to fpeak for their client in any court of law. Horn's Mirror, lib. 2. cap, des Lovers. It is of thefe Chaucer fpcaks,

—A fheriff had he been, and a contour,

Was no where fuch a worthy vavalour. They were antiently called ferjeant contours. Coke on Littl. fol. 17.

COUNTRIES, among the miners, a term or appellation they give to their works under ground. Phil. Tranf. No. 198.

COUP de brhle, in the manege. See Errillade.

Coup de grace, in the French mufic, the fame as what the Ita- lians call t'onco per graz'ta. See Tronco.

COURBARIL, the name of a genus of plants. See Hymenjea.

COURSES, (CycL) in the fea language, is ufed for a fhip's main fail and fore fail. When fhe fails under them only, without lacing on any bonnets, they fay, fhe goes under a pair of cour/es.

COURSING. There are three feveral cour/es with greyhounds. 1. At the hare. 2. At the fox, and 3. At the "deer. For the deer there are two forts of cour/es, the one in the pad- dock, the other either in the foreft or purlieu. Forthepad- iockcourje't there muft be the greyhound and the terrier, and the

mung'ril greyhound, whofe bufmefe it is to drive away the deer before the greyhounds are flip'd ; a brace, or a leafh, arc the ufual number flip'd at a time, feldom at the utmoft more than two brace.

In the courfing the deer in the foreft or purlieu, there are two ways in ufc, the one is cour/mg from wood to wood, and the other upon the lawns by the keeper's lodge. In the cour- f.ng from wood to wood, the way is to throw in fome young hounds into the wood, to bring out the deer ; and if any deer come out that is not weighty, or a deer or antler, which is buck, fore or forrel, then you are not to flip your grey- hounds, which are held at the end of the wood, where the keepers, who can guefs very well on thefe occafions, expect that the deer will come out If a proper deer come out, and it is fufpected that the brace or leaih of greyhounds fiip'd after him, will not be able to kill him, it is proper to waylay him with a couple of frefli greyhounds.

The courfing upon the lawn is the moft agreeable of all other ways. When the keeper has notice of this, he will lodge a deer for the courfe, and then by coming under the wind, the greyhound may be brought near enough to be flip'd for a fair courfe.

The belt method of coiirjing the hare, is to go out and find a hare fitting, which is eafily done in the fummer, by walk- ing acrofs the lands, either ftubble, fallow or corn grounds, and carting the eye up and down; for in fummer they fre- quent thefe places for fear of the ticks, which are common in the woods at that feafon ; and in autumn, the rains falling from the trees offend them. The reft of the year there re- quires more trouble, as the bufhes and thickets muft be beat to roufe them, and often they will He fo clofe, that they will not ftir till the pole almoft touches them : the fportfmen are always pleafed with this, as it promifes a good courfe. If a hare lies near any clofe or covert, and with her head that way, it is always to be expected that fhe will take to that immediately on being put up : all the company are there- fore to ride up, and place themfelves between her and the covert before fhe is put up, that fhe may take the other way* and run on an open ground. When a hare is put up, it is al- ways proper to give her ground or law, as it is called, that is, to let her run twclve-fcore yards or thereabouts, before the grey- hounds are flip'd at her; otherwife fhe is killed too foon, and the greater part of the fport thrown away, and the pleafure of the feveral windings and turnings that the creature will make to get away, is all loft. A good fportfmaji had rather fee a hare fave hcrfelf, after a fair courfe^ than fee her mur- der'd by the greyhounds as foon as fhe's up. In courfing the fox, no other art is required than Handing clofe, and on a clear wind, on the outfide of fome grove, where it is expected he will come out; and when he is come out, he muft have head enough allowed him, elfe he will turn back to the covert. The floweft greyhound will be able to overtake him after all the odds of diftauce ncceffary ; and the only danger is, the fpoiling the dog by the fox, which too often happens ; for this reafon, no greyhound of any va- lue fhould be run at this courfe, but the ftrong, hard bitten dogs, that will feizc any thing.

The laws of courfing eftablMhed by the duke of Norfolk, and the fportfmen of the kingdom in the reign of queen Eli- zabeth, are thefe :

1. He that is chofen fewterer, or letter loofe of the dogs, fhall receive the greyhounds matched to run together into his learn, as foon as he comes into the field ; he is to march next to the harefinder, or him who is to ftart the hare, until he come to the form ; and no horfeman or footman is to go before or fideways, but all ftrait behind, for the fpace of about forty yards. 2. A hare ought never to be cour/ed with more than a brace of greyhounds. 3. The harefinder is to give the hare three fo-hoes before he puts her up from- her form or feat, to the end that the dogs may be prepared, and may attend her ftarting. 4. If there be not a particular danger of lofing the hare, fhe fhould have about twelve-fcore yards law. 5. The dog that gives the firft turn, if after that there be neither cote, flip nor wrench, wins the wager. 6. If one dog gives the firft turn, and another beats the hare, then he that beats the hare wins the wager. 7. A go-by, or bearing the hare, is accounted equivalent to two turns. S, If neither dog turn the hare, he that leads laft to the covert wins. 9. If any dog turns the hare, ferves himfelf and turns her again, it is as much as a cote, and a cote is efteemed as much as two turns. 10. If all the courfe be equal, he that bears the hare fhall win, and if he be not born, the courfe fhall then be judged dead. 1 1. If a dog take fall in his courfe, and yet perform his part, he may challenge the advantage of a turn more than he gave. 12. If a dog turn the hare, ferve himfelf, and give divers cotes, and yet in the end fhall ftand ftill in the field, the other dog, if he turns home to the covert, although he gives no other turn, mall be adjudged to win the wager. 13. If by misfortune a dog be rid over in the courfe, that courfe is to be adjudged void; and he that did the mifchief is, to make reparation to the owner. 14. If a dog gives the firft and laft turn, and there be no other advantage betwixt them, he that gives the odd turn wins. 15. A cote is 3 when a greyhound goes end ways by. the fide of his fellow, 3 a;i ^