Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/543

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Weed- To a yellow Solution of gold in aqua regia> add a blue one of copper in fpirit of urine, and the mixture be- comes green. The painters every day praclife this art of producing new colours by mixture.

Metalline and mineral matters are reducible to a consider- able degree of fubtlety, or frnallnefe of parts by fire, or dry calcination, fo as to leive them durably poflefled of their na- tive or adventitious colours. Thus lapis lazuli, by being calcin- ed, becomes the fine rich blue called ultra-marine; light ochre, by the fame treatment, becomes a light red, or flefh colour, the moft ufeful flefh-colour in painting. Leadj by calcination, becomes durably red, and iron durably brown ; but a proper method feems wanting for the dry calcinations of the nobler metals gold and diver ; though for the ufes of gilding,thefe are eafily prepared by dipping linnen rags in their refpecHve Solu- tions, and then drying, and burning them to afties, whereby a dry and fine metalline powder is procured. Shaw's Lectures, p. I S 7.

Colours from metals. See Metal.

Go/a'CoLoUR. See Gold.

Colours, co'ores, pga«i, in the antient mufic, was ufed to fignify the mufical fpecics belonging to a genus. IVaiins Append, ad Ptolem. Harm. p. 16,.

In this fenfe the chromatic genus was find to have three co- lows ; and the diatonic two. The enharmonic having no Sub- ordinate Species, had but one cUour. Hence the antiertts rec- koned three genera, and fix colours in mufic ; that is, So many different divisions of the diateflaron, or fourth, TVallis, ibid. See Gfkus, Enharmonic, Chromatic, and Diatonic.

COLOURING ofglafs. See Glass.

Colouring of earthen ware. See Glazing.

Colouring ofporcelane. See S I aining.

Colouring -of/pints. "See Spirits.

C0LP1SCI>, a name given by Some to the falx Venctorum, or fickle fiih, commonly called the marmot fiih by the people of Venice. fViilughhys Hill PKc. p. 117. See Falx.

COLT, in zoology. See Foal.

Colt evil, a difeafe incident both to horfes and geldings. Tt is an unnatural Swelling of the yard and cods, proceeding from wind, or elfe through the abundance of feed in horSes. It hap- pens to geldings for want of natural heat. Diet. Ruft. in voc.

CoLT's-yW, in botany. See Tussilago.

COLT1E, among the timber merchants, a word iifed to expreis a tree which has a defect in Some one of its annual circles, which renders it unfit for many of the ufes it might have been otherwise fit for. In this caSe Some one of the annual circles near the center, is perceived by the eye to be thicker than the reft, and its Sap veffcls larger. It has an appearance much dif- ferent from that of the others, and is So loofely connected both to its invefficnt, and inverted circles, that on Sawing a tranS- Verfe piece of the trunk off, it will flip out Srom the others, and fo leave the heart loofe, and the reft, hollow. Seeming to have bcert only fitted, not connected, to the others. In fplit- ing the wood for other ufes, it yet more readily drops out, and the timber of Such a tree is therefore much leSs fit for general ufe than that of others- It is not eaSy to Say to what accident, in the growth of the tree, this is owing, but it feems probable that it expofes the tree to other accidents ; in particular Bo- bart feems to think, that among the trees which were Split by the hard Sroft, in the year 1687, while other trees of the like Sizes and kinds efcaped, this coliiwfi might be the occafion of the mifchief, as well as their being wind-Shaken, or lagged. Phi!. Tranf. N° 165.

CLUBR1NUM lignum. See Lignum Golubtinum.

COLUMBA, the pidgean. In the Linnsean fyftcm of zoology this makes a diftinct genus oS birds, of the order of the pafler- es, the general characters of which are, that the tongue is whole and even ; the beak ftrait, and fcurfy at the bafe ; the noftrils long, and covered externally with a membrane. Lin- nai Syftcm.Natur. p. 48.

Columba Greenlandua, in zoology, a name given by authors to a Small, well-tafted, water-fowl, called in Englifli, the fea tur- tle dove. See Turtle dive.

Columba marina, the fea dove, in zoology, the name of an Eaft Indian fifh, and appearing to be a Species of the orbis, ormoon- iifh. It has its name from its head, and prominent cheft,refem- bling that of the dove ; it has no fcales, hut is variegated with feveral very oddly placed marks on the back and fides. It is a fcarce filh, and not much valued, being but an ill-tailed one. Ray's Ichthyogr. Append, p. 5.

Columba is alio the name of a military order instituted by John I. ofCaftile, about the year 1379* Hfm. Lex. in voc.

COLUMBJNA, a name given by Actuarius, and fome other medical writers, to the verbena, or common vervain. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

COLUMBINES, aquihgia, in botany. See Aqutlegta. The manner of propagating thefe flowers is either by Sowing, or parting the old roots, but the old roots being very apt to degenerate, the Sowing them is much the beft method. The feeds muft be Sown in a nurfery bed in Auguft or Sep- tember, and in the March following, the plants will appear above the ground, at which time they muft be carefully cleared of weeds, and watered gently at times, if the drynefs of the

feafon requires it. In the beginning of May, they will be Strong enough to transplant, and muft then be placed at eight inches diftance, in beds of good, frefh, undunged earth, and they mult here be aifo kept cleaned from weeds, and watered as they may require it ; at Michaelmas they may be removed into the borders of the flower-garden, and in the May follow- ing they will flower. Mil Gard. Di&.

COLUMELLA, in natural hiftory, a name given by Mr. Lhuyd to the rriycetifce, or fungifce, a fort of fea corals, when found foffile, as they very frequently are, in beds of clay, or lodged in ftone. See Fuxg-.tje.

Columella, in anatomy. See Uvula, Cycl.

Columella mufculus teres, a name given by Morgagnl, and fome others, to the mufclc called by Albinus a%\gos uvula.

COLUMNARIS, in botany, a name given by fome ro the tall, milky bell flower, the campanula ta'efcens. Gcr. Emac. Ind. 2.

COLUMNARIUM, in Roman antiquity, a heavy tribute, de- manded for every pillar of a houfe. It was firft laid on by J. Caefar, in order to put a flop to the extravagant expencea laid out on Sumptuous^ buildings. Pitifc. in voc.

COLUMNEA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, de- Scribed by Plumier and Linna? us ; the characters of which ;>re thefe. The perianthium confifts of one leaf, divided into five erect, and pointed, Segments, and remains after the flower is fallen. The flower is compufed of only one- petal, and is of the gaping, or ringent kind; the tube is long, and fomewhat bellied, and the verge is divided into two lips. The upper lip is erect, .hollow, and undivided, and the lower is divided Into three lanceolated fegments ; the Stamina are four filaments, two ot which are longer than the reft, and they are all hid under the upper lip of the flower ; the anthers are Simple j the germen of the piflil is round ifti; the ftyle is /lender, and of the length of the upper lip of the flower ; and the Stigma is bifid and acute. The fruit is a globofe berry, containing two cells, Standing on the cup, and being of its fize ; the feeds are numerous, and oblong, and are contained in large recep- tacles. Plumier, Gen. 33. Linnaei Gen. Plant, p. zg6.

COLURE (Cycl.) — It is disputed over what part of the back of aries the equinoctial colure pafled in the time of Hipparchus. Sirlfaac Newton, in his chronology, takes it to have been over the middle of the conftellation. Father Souciet infifts on its having^pafied over the dodecatemorion of aries, or midway be- tween the rump and firft of the tail. We have fome obser- vations, in the PhiloSophicai TranSacYions, N 3 4.56. concern- ing the poSition of this colure in the antient Sphere, from a draught of the conftellation aries, in the Aratxa published at Leyden and Amsterdam 1652; which Seem to confirm Sir Ifaac's opinion; but the antiquity and authority of the ori- ginal draught may Still remain in queftion.

COLUTEA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the cha- racters of which are thefe. The flower is of the papilionace- ous kind, and from its cup there arifes a pifti], which finally becomes a membranaceous capfule, inflated in the manner of a bladder, and contained in kidney- ftiaped feeds. The Species of colutea enumerated by Mr.TourneSort are thefe. 1. The common bladder colutea 2. The eolute.?, with red bladders. 3. The purple-flowered, Ethiopian colutea. 4. The Syrian, dwarf colutea, with violet-coloured flowers. And, 5. The bladder colutea of La Vera Cruz. Town- Inft. p. 640.

COLYMBIS, in zoology, a name given by Bellonius to a fpe- cies of duck, remarkable for a large tuft of feathers behind its head, and thence called by us the tufted duck, and known among authors by its Venetian name capo negro. Aldrovand* de Avib. See Capo negro.

COLYMBUS, the diver, in the Linnjcan fyftem of zoologv, the name of a diftinct genus of birds, of the order of the anferes ; the diitinguiihing characters of which are, that they have a pointed beak, and that their feet are placed far behind. Lin- ttiWSyftcm. Natur. p. 46. See Diver.

COLYTEAjin botany,is ufed by fome to denote the arborJu'ltZy or jiliquaflrum. Ray's Hift. V. i. p. 1717. See Siliquastrum.

COMARCHIOS, K^pfx*®-, in antiquity, the name of a .parti- cular air, or tune, defigned to be fung at entertainments. Mem. Acad. Infcrip. p. 359. COMARlS, in lithology, a name given by the Greek writers to the fclcnitis, or aphrofelene. See the article Selenitis. They called this ftone alfo cupholithos. COMARUM, in botany, the name of a genus of plants,the cha- racters of which are thefe The perianthium is very large and coloured. It confifts only of one leaS, divided into ten Seg- ments, which are alternatt-iy Smaller one than the other, and remain aSter the flower is fallen. The flower confifts of five oblong pointed petals, much fmaller than the fegments of the cup to which they are fixed. The ftamina are twenty fila- ments inferred into the cup ; they are of the length of the flower, and are of a fubulated figure. The anthers are lunular in figure, and very foon fall ; but the ftamina are per- manent. The germ'ma of the piftils are very numerous ; they are Small, roundifb, and collected together in a head; the Styles are Simple and fhort, and placed at the lides of the gcr- mina ; and the ftigmata are fimple. The common receptacle of the feeds is of the figure of a Scrotum, and is flefhy, and very large and permanent. The Seeds are numerous and

pointed,