Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/538

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power of talcing a fine, and who, having taken a fine, de- fers to certify it, commanding him to certify the fame. Reg Oris;. 684. Blount and Cowcl. COGNOVIT aBionem, in law, is where a defendant ac- knowledges or confefles the plaintiff's caufe againft him to be juft and true, and after iffuc, fuffers judgment to be entered againft him without trial. #

COGS, agones, a kind of boats, or vefTels, ufed in the rivers

Oufe and Humber. Stat. 23 Hen. VIII. c. 1 8. Blount. _ COGWARE, is faid to be a fort of coarfe cloaths, made in divers parts of England, of which mention is made in 13 R. 2. c. 10. COHOBATE, in chemiftry. See Cohobation, Cycl. COHORS equitata, in old inferiptions, has perplexed feveral antiquaries, who have been taught to confider the cohorts as appropriated to the foot iervice, as the alts and turma were to the horfe. Mr. Horfeley, in particular, imagines, the cohors prima Claudia equitata, which he had met with, ■was intended to intimate that this cohort had been promoted from the foot to the horfe fervice ; but when, by another infeription, he was led to confider that corps as confifting of a thoufand horfe, his difficulty is increafed to that de- gree, that he knows not what to affirm upon it. But the learned Dr. Taylor thinks there is an eafy folution of this difficulty.

The auxiliary, or provincial cohorts were either entirely, or purely, foot, like the legionary, or ordinary cohorts; or elfe they had a mixture of both kinds of militia, as ap- pears from Gruter, dlxxiv. 5. This latter fort, as they could not properly be ranked under either denomination of horfe, or foot, being made up of both, feem to have ap- propriated to themfelves the diftinguifhing title of cohortes cquitatiz, corps of infantry with a mixture of horfe. And bf this term we find frequent mention in inferiptions, as in Gruter dxxxiv. z. dxxxiv. 4, el, 4. dl. 5. Reinef.Vl. 128.

Hyginus alfo, de caflrametatione, gives us a full and decifive proof of tViis denomination, and of the number of which iuch cohorts confifted. Thefe troops confifted of a thoufand men, part horfe, and part foot, and were hence called mi- liaria. The proportion of the horfe to the foot was 240 to 760. His words are; Habit cohors equitate miliaria fe- dites feptingenios fexaginia, centurias decern, cquites ducentos quadraginta, turmas decern. Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 482. Sect. 3. See Cohort, Cycl. Cohors miliaria. See above Cohors equitata. COHUAGIUM, a tribute paid by thofe who meet promif- cuoufly in a market, or fair : cohua fignifying a promifcuous multitude of men in a fair, or market, probably from the French cohue. Blount. COILE, on board a fliip. See Qy oil, Cycl COILON, *<**», cavea, in antiquity, that place of the Greek theatres which was appointed for the fpectators. It confifted of three parts, placed in equal agrees, one above another ; the loweft of whkh belonged to magift rates and perfons of quality ; the middle to the commonalty ; and the uppermoft to the women.

Thefe theatres being open at top, porticos were erected behind the cavea, where the audience might retire for fhel- ter,in cafe of rain. Pott. Archaeol. Grsec. I. 1. c. 8. p. 42. COIN (dye!.) — To take the reprefentation of a coin on pa- per, card, or pafte-board. See Medal. Coin, or Quoin, in artillery, a wedge of wood, ferving to

raife, or lower, the breech of a gun. See Quoin, Cyd, Coins, on board a man of war. See Quoins, Cycl. Coin moulds. See Moulds. C-antic Coin, or Quoin. See Quoin, Cycl. Cant'mg-Coins, on board a fliip, little fhort pieces of wood,

or billets, cut wedge-like, to lie betwixt the caflcs. Standing-Coins, onboard a fliip, billets, ..or pipe-ftaves, to keep the cafks from ftirring; or giving way. Standint-coins are made of barrel boards, about four inches broad, and of a fit length to be driven in between the ends of a cafk, about two or three hoops from the Chine hoops, to keep the buts from jogging. Harris and Afanwayring. CO-INDICATIONS, in medicine, figns which do not in- dicate by themfelves alone, but together with other things, circumftances, &c. help the phyfician to form a judgment. COINING, in the tin-works, is the marking the tin, when caft into blocks, or flabs, with the figure of the lion ram- pant. This is done by the king's officer. The king's cuftom is four flii'dings for every hundred weight. Ray's Engl. word. p. 124. COINUS, »»*&•> in natural hiftory, a name given by fome writers to the genus of (hells called porcellana and concha venerea. See the article Porcellana. COJUMERO, in ichthyology, a name given by fome to the

nianati, or fva-cow. COLAPTICE, the art of carving, or cutting, the refemblances and figures of natural things in ftone. The term for the artift is lithoxos. COLASISI, in natural hiftory, a name given by the people of the Philippine lilands to a very fmall, but very beaut. ful fpe-

cies of parrot, common in that part of the world, and called by others cuft and gula fifi. COLCHICUM, in botany. See Meadow foffron.

The feveral fpecies of this plant are very valuable in a flower garden, as they are in their beauty in autumn, when mod other plants are dead. Theflowcrs come up, and are blown fome time before the green leaves appear, which makes ibme peo, le call them naked ladies ; the green leaves come up in winter, and in fpring are extended to a great length ; in May, thefe leaves begin to decay, and foon after this is a proper time to take up, and tranipJant the roots. The roots mould be kept above ground till the middle of Auguft, at which time, if they are not planted, they will produce their flowers as they lie out upon the ground. For the manner of planting the roots of this fort of plants, fee the article Tulip; and for that of raifing them from feeds, for the fake of producing varieties of the flower, fee Xiphion. Colchium, in medicine. The general confent of authors condemns the root of the cokhicum as a poifon, on account of its acid and corrofivc quality : yet it is evident that the antients efteemed it greatly : they called it hierobulbus. Sonie even gave it internally, in cafes where it was neceflary to make the pa- tient vomit, it being efteemed a very good emetic : and others ordered its ufe externally, bruifing it, and applying it to places where there were fixed and violent pains. Wedelius recommends it as an alexipharmic, and has written a treatife exprefsly on this fubjecf.. He frankly confefles to have taken his knowledge of its virtues from an obfeure author, who, in a treatife of the plague, recommends it internally as a very beneficial medicine, and tells us, that people were fo well acquainted with its virtues, that they took it in conftderable doles, and wore it about their necks, as a preservative againft. the infection. Wedelius lived in a time when dyfentehes, with petechial malignant fevers, attended with deliriums and inflammations of the jaws, were very frequent ; and on the credit of this author he ventured to give it internally, under a proper guard of other roots, and fuch things as might obtund its acrimony. Plantane root and bezoaf were the two things he at length found moft efficacious for this purpofe ; and this compofition of three ingredients, he called arcanum duplicatum catholicum, and the peftilential alexipharmic. This le gave in moderate dofes, and found fo great eflb&s from it, that the root before efteemed poifonous, and expunged from the lift of remedies, was again taken in as a part of the materia medica; and the author pubhfhed the fecret, by which he had had fo much greater fuccefs than other phylicians of the time. On farther trials, he found the virtues of this medicine were not confined to the peftilential and petechial fevers alone, but he gave it with the fame fuccefs in the fmall pox, the purple fever, and even in the worft kinds of themeafles. Wedelius de Colchico, COLCOTHAR (Cycl.) — Colcothar. of vitriol, after the action of the fire being dulcified, or the metallic parts preci- pitated by an alkali, or by zink, or any other of the imperfect metals, and fublimed with fal armoniac, in either cafe an in- flammable fuphur is prepared in the operation, and may befepa- rated both from the fublimed flowers, and from the caput mor- tuum. This, and the fulpherous fniell of fpirlt of vitriol, together with the fulphur produced by oil of vitriol and fpirit of wine, prove abundantly what has been fufpected by fome, that vitriol contains fulphur as one of its principles, and a natural and neceflary part of its compofition. Phil. Tranf. N° 103.

Mr. LeFevre propofes an eafy way of making cokotlar of vi- triol : he mixes two parts of filings of iron with one of ful- phur, and a little water. After the acid of the fulphur has dif- folved the iron, he expofes the pafte to the air, and it changes into cokothar.

COLCUICUILTIC, in zoology, the American name of a bird of the partridge kind, defcribed by Niremberg. It is varie* gated with black, white and red, and is a very beautiful bird. Its colours are for the moft part difpofed not in fpots, but in longitudinal lines on the back j but on the belly they are ra- ther in form of fmall and fhort fpots. Its legs and feet are blue. It is a well- tarred bird. Say's Ornithol. p. 314. COLD {Cycl.) — It is affirmed by Olaus Magnus and others, that in fome parts of Ruflia and Livonia, hares, foxes, and par- tridges change their colours, and become white, in the depth of winter, by reafon of the great cold. Mr. Boyle feems to confirm thefe relations. See his Work abr. vol. 1. p. 672. and vol. 2. p. 43, 44.

Mr. Reaumur having made feveral very curious experiments on the different degrees of cold, produced by the mixing the feveral falts and other bodies with ice, in the making artificial congelations* determined, when he knew exactly what the degrees were, to try their effects upon animal life in many creatures. He tried his experiments on feveral fpecies of in- fects, freezing their juices ; the confequence of which was, as might be expected,their lofing all their foftnefs, and becoming wholly rigid and hard.

Among the caterpillar kinds, this gentleman found that fome

fpecies became frozen by a cold of feven or eight degrees on

\ the thermometer ; while others, very much Smaller, bore

without freezing a cold of feventeen degrees, which is three

degrees