Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/531

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found incurable. The clavicles may be diflocated in two man- ners from the fternum, either internally toward the larynx, or externally upon the hrcaft. When the firft cafe happens, a ca- vity may be generally perceived upon the part affected, and thetrachea, with the carotid veins, and arteries and nerves, and the cefophagus, which are all together, will be very much difturbed or compreffed. On the contrary, when it is luxated forward upon the breafi, it fhews ttfelt by a preternatural tu- mour, inftead of a cavity, in that place.

T'he davictes, when luxated, arc to be replaced by the patient's being fct in a low feat, and an affiftant's thruftinghiskneeagaiuft the middle of his back, between hisfhoulders, and laying hold of the heads of both his arms, and pulling them gently backwards. By this means the clavicles will be extended, and are in that ftate eafily replaced. When this is done, i t muft be carefully regarded to remove the injuries of the neck. If any kind of luxation re- quires an accurate retention by bandage, it muft certainly be this of the clavicle, efpccially when the luxation has happened fome time before the reduction ; for befuie that the clavicles have fcarce any mufcles to fupport them, their ligaments are ufuaUy fo much ftretched and weakened in this cafe, that they are in no wife fufficicnt tofuftain the weight of the arms. Such luxations of the clavicles as happen near the proceffus acromion, are generally much more difficult to difcover, and have been too often miftaken, even by furgeons, for luxations of the hu- merus. Whenever this luxation happens, the fuperior part of the fcapula (licks up ; but in the place, when the clavicles are feparated from the acromion proceis, a cavity may be obferved : moft acute pains alfo arife from this luxation, and the arm can by no means be lifted up. If therefore the luxated clavicle, in this cafe, is not timely reduced, it is no wonder that the ufe of the arm is entirely loft afterwards. A ftricl bandage con- tinued about the part for forty days, to make the di funked bones again coalefce, will be futu.d of great fervice in thefe cafes, and, indeed, is the principal part of the cure. The bones may be replaced by the before-advifed manner of ex- tenfion, but nothing can keep them fo but a proper and accu- rately applied bandage. Hcijler, Surg. p. 158.

CLAVICYMBALUM, in antiquity, amuficalinftrumentwith thirty firings.. Plofm. Lex. in voc. Modern writers apply the name to our harpfichords.

CLAVI vejlium were flowers or ftuds of purple, interwoven with, or fowed upon, the garments of fenators and knights ; only for diftinction, the former ufed them broad, and the lat- ter narrow. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc.

CLAVUM veneris, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the water lilly, ornymphsa. Gcr. Emac. Ind. 2.

CLAVUS annalis, in antiquity. So rude and illiterate were the Romans towards the rife of their ftate, that the driving or fixing a nail was the only method they had of keeping a re- gifter of time; for which reafon it was called davits annalis. There was an antient law, ordaining the chief prsetorto fix a nail every year on the ides of September; it was driven into the right fide of the temple of Jupiter Opt. Max. towards Mi- nerva's temple. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. This cuftom of keeping an account of time, by means of fix- ing nails, was not peculiar to the Romans, for the Etrurians likewife ufed to drive nails into the temple of their goddefs Nortia, with thefamevicw. Vid. Liv. 1. 7. c. 3.

Ci.avus hyflericus, in medicine, a name given to a peculiar fpecies of head-ach, more frequently attacking women than men, and with them ufually owing its origin to a fuppreffion of the menftrual difcharges. In fome cafes, the pain is lefs violent, and only attends people during the three or four firft days of the menftrual difcharge. In others, the pain is more violent, and almolt continual ; and when to the common caufes of it there is added a venereal taint, which is no uncommon cafe, it becomes then the moft terrible of all pains in the head.

Signs cf it. Thefe are a piercing pain about the forehead or temples, refembling that of a nail driven into the head : this pain fometimes alfo extends itfelf over the whole head : with this there generally is a fenfation of pain about the fagktal future in particular, and a remarkab'e coldnefs there : often there is an inflation and rednefs of the face, with a noife and ringing in the cars. To thefe there are not unfrequently add- ed a flight fever, a chillnefs of the extremitie, a remarkable laflitude, and want of appetite, with frequent eructations and naufeas, and a coftivenefs of the bowels. It generally returns about the time of the menfes ; or 111 cafes where it is continual, it rages with more than ordinary violence at that time. Among the women, thofe are moft fubjec: to it who live fedentary lives, and feed high, and who are naturally paflionate, and of a hafty temper. Junker's Confp. Med. p. 106.

Caufes of, it. Among the natural caufes of this terrible pain, the moft powerful are, an excretion of blood toward the head, and a ftoppage of the menfes, and of the difcharges by the hemorrhoidal veins, by injudicious treatment.

Prognojlics from it. Nothing gives phyficians greater trouble, or more expofes the infufficiency of the art of healing, than the head-achs to which women are fubject. The manner of life of the patients is, however, more in fault in thefe obftinate cafes, than either the nature of the difeafe, or the fkill of the prefcriber : high living, and idlenefs,' have too many charms,

to be quitted eafily by thofe who can enjoy them ; and, there- fore, while the caufe always fubfifts, the cure can be only pal- liative or temporary, the diforder always returning after a time: yet it is certain by experience, that the moft terrible and inve- terate diforders of this kind may be removed fo as not to re- turn, by the ufe of proper medicines, and a thorough change in the diet and manner of life of the patient.

Method of curs. The firft care in this refpect is to keep the bowels lax, for they are almoft always naturally coftive in this difeafe : emollient clyftcrs are the moft proper means of this ; and where purges are required befide, they muft always be of the moft gentle and leaft veliicating kind. After thefe, the violent emotions of the blood are to be quieted by powdere of nitre, antimony diaphoretic, crab's eyes, and cinnabar; and if there be a fpiffitude in it, the neutral and diuretic falts are to be given, in a fcruple at a time, every day. Tartarum vkriolatum alone, given in this manner, frequently has a very great effect. If it be found neceffary, befide this, a gentle opiate may be fometimes given, fuch as a fmall dofe of the ftorax pill : and externally, fpirtt of wine and camphor is not a little ferviceable. By way of prevention, it is extremely proper to bleed at fpring and autumn every year : and above all things, to keep regular in regard to the menftrual difcharges. Gentle purges are to be given at times, and neceffary cxercife above all things to be advifed ; and this fhould always be the more infifted upon, the moreaverfe the patients are to it, and the more they love to indulge in a fedentary courfe. Junker's Confp. Med. p. 1 10.

CLAWS (Cyd.) — Claws is alfo ufed for a clofe or fmall meafure of land. Blount.

CLAYS, (Cyd.) in natural hiftory, earths principally ufed in the potter's trade. Their diftinguifhing characters are thefe : they are firmly coherent, weighty and compact ; ftifr, vifcid and ductile to a great degree while moift ; fmooth to the touch, not eafily breaking between the fingers, nor readily diffufible in water, and when mixed in it, not readily fubfidiin? from it. /M's Hift of Foff. p. 17.

Clay lands. See Land.

CLEAT, in fhip-building, apiece of wood faftcned to theyard- arm of a fhip, to keep the ropes from flipping off the yard. Manwaying.

CLEAVERS, in botany and medicine. See ApAiUNrc.

CLEFT (Cyd.) — Green timber is very apt to fplitand cleave in feveral place?-, after it is wrought into form ; and thefe cracks are a very difagrecable fight in it. The common method of the country carpenters, is to fill up thefe cracks with a mix* tureof greafe and faw-duft ; but the neateft way of all is the foaking both fides well with the fat of beef broth, and then dipping pieces of fpunge into the fame broth, and filling up all the cracks with them : they fwell out fo as to fill the whole crack, and accommodate themfelves fo well to it, that the de- ficiency ishardlyfeen. Mortwier'sHufbandvy, vol. 2. p. 104.

CLEIDION, in antiquity, the fame with clavicula. See Cla- vicula, Cyd. and Siqp!.

CLEIDOMASTOIDEUS, in anatomy, a name given byAI- binus to a mufclc, called by others fimply majlmdaus, and by Euftachius feptimus caput movcr.iium. See the articles Ma- STOiDiEtis and Head.

CLEMA, in antiquity, a fpecies of vine, a twig of which was the enfign of a centurion's office. Hofm. Lex. in voc.

CLEMATITIS. See Virgin's bower.

CLEOME, in botany, a name given by fome to the fea-holly, or eringo- Ger. Emac. Ind. ?.

CLERODENDRUM, in botany, the name of a genus of plantf, the characters of which are thefe: the perianthum is com- pofed of one leaf divided into five fegments, of an oval figure, fharp -pointed, and broader than the tube of the flower: thefe remain after the flower is fallen. The flower confifts of one petal, and is of the labiated kind : its tube is flender and long ; its upper lip is hollow, erect, bifid and obtufe, and its under lip of the fame length, but bent, and divided into three equal fegments. The ftamina arc four capillary filaments, much longer than the flower, but two of them fomewhat fhorrer than the others. The antherae are fimple : the germen of the piftil is roundifh : the ffile is of the length, figure and fituatiou of the ftamina; and the ftigma is fimple. The fruit is a roundifh drupe, Handing upon a very large cup, and contain- ing a fingle roundifh feed. In the Hortus Malabaricus, the flower is fomewhat differently defcribed, and the fruit is faid to contain three or four feeds ; the mouth of the flower is oblong, and inflated, and is convex above, and plane underneath: the limb is fmall, and is fhut : the upper lip is obtufe, and emarginated, and the under lip is of the fame fize with the upper, but is lightly trifid. The ftamina arc four filaments, hid beneath the back of the flower : the two fide ones are a little fhorter than the others. The airlierx are of an oval figure, and hairy. There Hands alfo between the upper pair of ftamina, a rudi- ment of a fifth, in form of a fmall point. This makes ave-

■ ; ly obvious mark of diftinction lor this plant. The germen of the piftil is oval, the ftile is capillary, and of the length of the ftamina, and the ftigma is obtufe. The fruit is an oval capfulc, longer than the cup, and containing two cells. The feeds are numerous, and of a roundifh figure, and are fur- rounded with afoliaceous edge. Linrusi Gen. Plant, p. 1-jO.

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