Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/530

 C L A

C L A

for two trumpets. Br off. Diet. Muf. in voc. See the articles Trumpet and Cornet. CLARISSIMI, among the Romans, a title of honour belong- ing to the third rank of nobility under the emperors. See the article Spectabiles. CLARK-£5'/<r, in natural hiftory, a fpecies of wild-goofe found

in Zetland. Phil. Tranf. N° 473. Seel. 8. CLARY, horminum, in medicine, &c. See Horminum. CLASMIUM,in natural hiftory, the name ofa genus of foffils of tbcclafs of the gypfums, the characters of which are, that they are of a foft texVurc, and of a dull and opake look, being com- posed, as all the other gypfums, of irregularly arranged flat particles.

The word is derived from the Greek lOup*, a fragment, or fmall particle, from the flaky fmall particles of which thefe bo- dies are compofed : of this genus there is only one known fpe- cies ; this is of a tolerably regular and even ftructurc, though very coarfc and harm, to the touch. It is of a very lively and beautiful pale red in colour, and is found in thick roundifh manes, which, when broken, are feen to be compofed of irre- gular arrangements of flat particles, and emulate a ftriatcd tex- ture. It will neither give fire with fteel, nor ferment with acids, but calcines very freely and eafily, and affords a very va- luable pla'tfter of Paris, as do all the purer gypfums. It is com- mon in Italy, and is greatly efteemed there ; we have of it al- io in fome parts of Derbyihire, hut with Us it is not particular- ly regarded, but burnt among the reft. Hill's Hilt, of Foff. p. 117. CLATPIARUS, in botany, a name given by Micheh, and con- tinued by Linnaeus, to a genus of mufhrooms, the characters of which are thefe : they arc always of a roundifh figure, and have a reticulated and hollowed body, as if full of windows, with ramifications every where annexed. CLATHRI, in antiquity, bars of iron, or wood, ufed in fecur- ing doors and windows.

There was a goddefs that prefided over clathri, called Clathra. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. CLATTE, in heraldry, a term borrowed from the French, to exprefs fuch lines as are fometimes found in the old paintings, and engravings of arms. Thefe lines are of an irregular kind, and not reducible to any other proper lines of heraldry, as the engrailed, indented, embattled, or the like. Nifitfa Herald- ry, p. ?■'?. CLAVARIA, in botany, the name given by Vaillant, and con- tinued by Linnxus, to a genus of fungus's, the characters of which are, that they grow perpendicularly, and have a fimple and uniform furface ; thefe have been called alfo by the fame Vaillant, under fome fmall varieties in the fpecies, corallo-fun- pus, and by Tournefort coralloidcs, Dillenius has called them fungoides. From this confufion of names among the other authors, may appear the ufe of the new names given to the genera of plants by Linnaeus, fince no body hereafter will fail to know what is meant by the word davaria, whereas fungoides was a name common to this genus, and to many others m different authors, every thing having been called by it that was of a fungous fubftance, and manner of growth, and yet differed from the common mufhrooms in figure : and the other name coralloidcs is ufed by Dillenius in a very different fenfe, he making it a claflical character for a large ferics of mofles, including under it all thofe that arc of a touo-h texture, and want leaves, fuch as the horned mofs, the branched heath mofs, the cup mofs, and many others, which form diftinct genera under the name of cup coralloides, fhrub coralloidcs, horned coralloides, and the like. CLAVARIUM, in antiquity, an allowance the Roman foldiers had for furnifhing nails to fee u re their flioes with. They raifed frequent mutinies, demanding largeffes of the emperors under this pretence. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. CLAVATA vcjlimcnta, in antiquity, habits adorned with pur- ple clam, which were either broad or narrow. See Clavus CLAUDENS palpebral, in anatomy, a name given by Spi- gelius, and fome others, to one of the mufcles of the face, called by Albinus and W inflow, mujculus orbicularis palpebrarum, and by others fpbincler palpebrarum. CLAVICULiE, clavicles (Cyd.) — The two clavicles are fituated tranfverfe! v, and a little obliquely oppofite to each other, about the fuperior and anterior part of the thorax, between the fca- pula and the ftemum. Each clavicle refembles in fome mea- fureari Italic S, being along bone irregularly cylindric, bent forwards near the ftemum, and backwards near the fcapula, as if it were made up of two arches joined end-wife in oppofite directions, that which lies on the fore part of the breaft being the largeft. The clavicles are each divided into a body, or middle part, arid two extremities, one anterior, inferior, and internal, which may be termed the pectoral or fternal extre- mity, the other fuperior, pofterior, and external, which may be named the humeral, or fcapular extremity. The pectoral extremity is the thickeft, and is of a triangular figure, efpeci- ally near the end, where it is a little enlarged, and {hews a cartilaginous furface, with three angles, of which the lowcft js the moft prominent, and is turned a little toward the cavity of the thorax ; near thefe angles there are feveral lnufcularv and Hgamentary impreffions, one of which near the inferior angle is foriietieies raifed like a tubercle. 1 he hume-

ral extremity is flat and broad, and two fides may be confider- ed in it, one fuperior, the other inferior; as likewife two ed- ges, one anterior, the other pofterior, and a fmall articular fur- face.

The upper fide has feveral inequalities, and in the lower there is a kind of oblong, rough oblique, tuberofity. The pofterior edge is convex, thick, and uneven, beinj that of the fmall arch of the clavicle : the anterior edge is concave, thin, and fmooth, every where except near the great arch, where it has a rough imprcfiion. The articular furface terminates this extremity, being cartilaginous, turned obliquely forward, and of an oval figure, like that of the acromium, with which it is articulated. The body or middle portion, which, together with the pecto- ral extremity, forms the great curvature of the clavicle, is not fo thick as the extremities j it is a little flatted both on the up- per and lower fides, and therefore two edges may likewife be diftinguifhed in it ; the upper fide is pretty even, the lower fomething rougher, and a little deprefied by a fuperfkial chan- nel. The edges are rounded, the anterior being convex, the pofterior concave ; the inner fubftance of the extremities is cellular, the reft is more folid, confifting of very thick fides, with a narrow cavity more or lefs, filled with reticular bony filaments. Wtnflwft Anatomy, p. 76.

Mr. Wettbrecht has defcribed and delineated a ligament, which had not been obferved by anatomical writers, ftretched from the pofterior part of the anterior extremity of each clavide, behind the fternum, to the fame part of the other cavicle, which makes the articulation £>{ the fternum and clavicles ftronger. See Comment. Acad. Petrop. Tom. 4. p. 255. Fraclure of the Clavicle. The clavicle is extremely fubject to be fractured, both from its tranfverfe pofition, and from its fmall nefs. Whether it happens to be broken near the humerus, or near the fternum ; its end that is next the humerus always defcends lower than the other from the weight of the arm which was before fuftaincd by the clavicle and head of the fternum; and notwithstanding that part of it next the fternum remains immoveable by the defcent of its other endy it can fcarce happen but they will in fome degree collapfe over one another.

The reduction ofa fractured clavicle is not very difficult, efpe- cially when the fracture is tranfverfe, nor is it ufual for the hu- merus, with the fragment of the clavicle, to be fo far diftorted as not to be eafily reduced by the fingers. The difficulty, however, is much greater to keep the bone in its place when the fracture has been reduced ; and that molt of all when the bone has been broken obliquely. For this there are two rea- fons ; for the circular bandages, with which the bones of the arms, and other extremities are ufually held very firm, cannot be applied here, by reafon of the form and diforder of the part, and then the weight of the depending arm foon pulls to pieces what the furgeon has been replacing.

This fracture is to be reduced in the following manner : the pa- tient muft be placed on a low feat,and an affiftant is to thruft his knee againft the middle of the patient's back, between his two fhouldcrs;then laying hold of the heads of both the patient's arms with bis hands,he muft pull them gently and gradually backwards, by which means the clavides will be properly extended : while this is doing, the furgeon muft ftand before, and endeavour to replace the bone with both his hands, ordering the afliftant to hold the bone in that pofition ; he is then to apply a narrow and thick comprefs, fo as to fill up the cavities above and be- low the clavicle; upon thefe he is to lay two more narrow com- prcftes made in the form of an X ; over all thefe he is to ap- ply a piece of pafte-board, accommodated to the fhoulders and neck, and firft fteeped in fpirit of wine, or oxycrate; then he muft place a ball under the arm, or clfc bind it feveral times with a thick roller, to prevent the humerus from fubfidino-; and laftly, the whole is to be properly bound up, and the arm fuf- pended by a fafh or fling hung acrofs the fhoulder, about the neck The planters that have been ufed to be employed on this occafion, have, of later years, been found to be wholly ufelefs. Whenever there are any loofe (plmters of the bone that are entirely fcparated, which, though they fhould not wound, or hurt the flefh, yet will obftruct the meeting of the clavicle, it feems altogether requifite to open the fkin, and remove them before the reduction of the bone, treating the wound as ufual: but if there fhould be any fplinters which itill adhere. to the bone, and prick the adjacent parts, and impede the reduction, they muft be alfo cither taken off with the for- ceps, or elfe forced back into their places, by which they may be again united to the bone. But to divide the parts, and re- move the fragments requires great caution, left fome of the large fubclavian veins, or arteries, be wounded in the opera- tion, and thereby a fatal hemorrhage be produced. Heijhr, Surg. p. 120. Luxated Clavicle. The clavides are but feldom difplaced, by reafon of their ftrong ligaments : but they may he dillocated, however, either from the top of the fternum. or proceflus acro- mion of the fcapula, to which they are naturally connected. This may be occafioned either by a fall or a blow, or by the lifting fome great weight. With regard to the cure, the foon ■ er afliftance is had, the more eafily may the reduction of th; clavicle be performed : but lofs of time in this cafe is of the utmeft confequence, inveterate luxations of the clavicle being

found