Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/529

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The feeds of this pknt have the fame medicinal virtues afcribed to them with the gourd. See Gourd.

CITRUM. The antient Romans had a fort of tables made of an elegant wood, and called citrum ; thefe have been fuppofed by fome to be made of the wood of the citron tree, and by others of the cedar; but it appears plainly that they were made of neither, but of a wood peculiar for its finenefs, and very different from both. The antient Greeks have defcribed the cedar under the name x-Jp&, and the citron tree under the name malus medica ; and befide thefe they have defcribed an- other tree under the name of thya. This was different from hoth the others, and was that which afforded the wood of which the fine direts men/a of the Romans were made, the Greeks calling them thyina. Though Theophraftus, however, never confounds the thya and cedrus together, yet Ariftotle is by fome fufpecled to have done fo ; and either that is the cafe, or elfc Vitruvius has miftaken him, for he has tranflated what he fays of the cedrus to the name of the citrum., the Latin name of the thya. Ariftotle fays, that there is a fpring near Carthage, on which there fwims an oil fmelling like the faw duff or Havings of the cedrus, and Vitruvius has tranflated it fmelling like the fhavings of the citrum.

The more modern writers of the Moorifh hiftory tell us, that about mount Atlas, and in fome of the iflands on the coafts of Africa, there grow cedars which much referable the cyprefs tree; and of the wood of their trunk, they at this time make very beautiful tables, and of a large price. The name ce- dar is become very uncertain in its iignification, and we at prefent call the junipers of the Weft Indies the Virginia and Bermudas, cedars. It is poflible that this cedar of. die Africans which grows life the cyprefs, may be the citrum of the Latins, and thya of the Greeks, and that the citreic mi thyina! menfs may have been made of its wood. Vitruvius alfo tells us of trees refembling the cedar in their growth, and the cyprefs in their leaves. Thefe muff be different from both, and mud hive a peculiar name, and might probably have been tile trees called thya by the Greeks, and citra by the Latins, of which thefe famous tables were made.

The words cedrus and citrum fcem to have been ftrangely con- founded together by writers of various nations. The Arabian phyficians call the pitch of the cedar tree, not cedrum, as might have been fuppofed, but citran, as if it came from the citrum ; and the modern Greeks and Latins have called the citron fruit mSjK.fi&ia, and cedromela, not citromela, as if they grew upon the cedar, not the citron tree. Neophytus and Ilidore always ufc thefe words in this fenfe. Athenajus is of opinion that the words are properly the fame in their origin, and that the citrum is a new corruption of the word cedrium, as the old writers fometimes call the cedrus. But this is an unwarrantable opini- on. It is fcarce certain that the word citrum is properly Latin for the tree which bears the citron fruit, they having always called this medica malus, and exprefled only the tree of whofe wood they made tables, &c. by the name citrum. J uba is the firft of the Greek writers who has called the citron tree by the name citrum. He feems to exprefs its having been called by that name by fome of the Romans ; and the whole confufion will be found at length to turn upon this: The Romans originally gave the name of the citrum to the unknown tree whofe wood they received from Africa for making their tables ; after this finding that the citron fruit, or medica malus came alfo in oreat abundance from the fame country, they haftily concluded, that it grew upon the tree whofe wood they fo much valued', and called it the citrum fruit. Thefe fruits were alfo called the Hef-

, perian apples, and Pliny feems of opinion, that a tree very like that which produced the citron wood bore thefe, though not wholly the fame : he fays it was called by the fame name. '] he antients called thefe fruits theHefperides,the mala medica, and mala Aflyria, as they received them from Aflyria, Media,' and other places. Vid. Vitruv. 1. 2. c. i I.

CITULA, in ichthyology, a name given by Paulus Jovius, and others to the fifh we tall the doree, and the generality of au- thors faber. Pliny calls it zeus, and Artedi has hence made zcus the generical name, comprehending this, and feveral other fpecies, under this arrangement. The faber is called the zeus, with the prickly belly, and with the tail rounded at the end.' This is the true fpecihe name of the citula.

GIVES, in botany, a very fmall fpecies of onion, which never produces any bulbs, and feldom grows above fix inches hio-h in the blade, which is very fmail and flender, and grows in tufts and bunches. This ufed to be in great requeft for fallads in fpring, as being milder than other onions which had flood the winter, but at prefent it is not much regarded. The way of propagating it is by parting the roots in autumn, and plant- ing them, at fmall difiances, three or four in a hole, they will ftand the winter very well, and be fit for ufe early in the fpring.

CIVKT-r^f. See Zibethicum animal.

CLADEUTERIA, jo^ium^a, in antiquity, a fefiival celebrated at the time of pruning the vines. It was likewi'e called bif- ida. Pott. Archteol. Grxc. 1. 2. c. 20. T. 1. p. 409.

CLAD1US, in natural hiftory, a name given by the antients to the flag, or deer, when four years old ; in this year, or at the end of It, it was alfo called ccrajtes. The Greeks bad names for all the years growth of this animal up to its perfection : in the firft year they called it ncbrus ; in the fecond fattaiea ; in the third tlicrotus ; and in the fourth cladlus, or csrajhs toward Suppl. Vol. I.

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the end of thatyear. This name the creature retained all its life

afterwards, it being fuppofed at its full maturity at that time. CLAIM (Cycl.) — Claim of Iberty, a fuit or petition to the

king in the court of Exchequer, to ha. e liberties and franchifea rr Cl f Jl™ =d thcrc b >' thc ki "E' s attorney-general . Co Ent. 9 7. <~L,AKIS, in zoology, a name given by the people of Lancafhirc,

and fome other places, to the bemacle, a fmall fpecies of wild

goofe. SeeBERNnCLE.

CLaMATOR, in antiquity, was ufed to fignify a domeftic of- , . . r i, w. h ° re bufine( ' s was to call the guefts to dinner.

CLAMOR belli,

us, in antiquity. See Huzza, and Si! OUT.

CLAMP-nails are fuch nails as are ufed to fallen on Jumps in uuilding and repairing of fhips.

CLAMPONNIER, or Claponnier, in the manege, a long- jointed horfe, that is, one whofe palle ns arc long, tlender, and over pliant. Gu II. Gent. Diet, in voc. CoriuniU, DiS. des Arts in voc. claponnier.

The word is ob'lblcte, and is properly applicable only to the ox kind : for la ckpmniere in French, is in them what the paftem is in a horfe. Guil. k Cornedle Difl. des Arts, ibid.

CLANDESTINA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower confift, of one leaf, and is of the perfonated kind, being tubular in its lower part, and in its upper, divided into two lips, the upper of which is hngle and arched, the lower is divided into three fegments ; the cup is tubular, and crenatcd at the edge, and from it there arifes a piftil, which perforates the lower part of theflower, and finally becomes a longifh unicapfular fruit, which is en- dued with an elaftic force, and burns open with violence, when ripe, difcharging many roundifh feeds.

The fpecies of clandejlna are; 1. The blue-flowered clande- J'tna. And, 2. the clandeftina with white flowers, which is properly only a variety of the former. Tourn. Inft. p.

CLANGULA, in zoology, the name of a fpecie; of duck found about thc fea coafts, and called in Englifh the golden eye Its body is ilioit and thick ; its head large, and its neck flioit ; its beak is fhort and broad, and is all over black ; its bead is of a very obfeure and dufky green, yet gloffy, and there is a large wnite fpot at each angle of the beak ; the iris of the eyes are of a beautiful yellow ; the neck, moulders, bread and belly are white, and the back black ; the wings arc black and white, and the tail is wholly black ; the legs are very fhort, and the feet very broad, and both are of a faftron colour; the hinder toe is fmall, but is edged on each fide by a membrane, which adds much to its breadth. See Tab. of Birds, N J 50. and Roy's Ornitholog. p. 282.

CLAP (Cycl.) — CLAP-board, a board cut, in order to make cafks or velTels.

CLAP-rar, in birding, a fort of net contrived for the taking of larks with the looking-glafs, by thc method called daring, or doring. The nets are fpread over an even piece of ground, and the larks are invited into the place by other larks faftencd down, and by a looking-glafs compofed of five piece-, and fix- ed in a frame, fo that it is turned round very fwiftly, back- wards and forwards, by a cord pulled by a perfon at a conft- derable diftance behind a hedge. See Doring.

CLAR, orCLAER,in metallurgy, boneafhes perfectly calcined, and finely powdered, kept purpofely for the covering the in- fides of coppels. Cramer, Art of Aff. p. 53. See Coppel.

CLARAMONT powder, the name of a medicinal powder, very famous in Venice, and lome other places,for its virtues in flop- ping haemorrhages of all kinds, and in the cure of malignant fevers. It has its,name from the perfon who firft found out its virtues, and who has written a book exprcfly about it. It is a white t arth found near Baira, not far from Palermo, and is thence called alfo by fome writers, Terra de Baira. Bo. cone.

CLAREfUM,in pharmacy, lee Claret, Cycl.

CLARIAS, or Clarias Nilcti.a, in zoology, the name of a fifh of thc muff ela kind, common in the Nile, and brought to market at Memphis, and in many other parts of Egypt, but of an infipid tafte, and eaten only by the poorer fort of people. Its common lize is a foot in length, and the thicknefs of a man's arm ; its head is fomething hke that of the uranofcope, and is large and flefhy ; the fpacc between the eyes is large, and the eyes themfelvcs are large alfo, and are placed as in the before- mentioned fifh ; it has two long beards of half a foot each ; the upper jaw has two rows of teeth, and the under one is on- ly notched like a file ; the tail is broad and forked, and has ex- ternally two horny append ges of a round figure, and a hand's breadth in length, in which it differs from all other riflies. Bellonius.

CLARIGATIO, in Roman antiquity, a ceremony that always preceded a formal declaration of war. It was performed in this manner ; firft four heralds crowned with vervain were fent to demand fatisfaclion for the injuries done the Roman flate. Thefe heralds, taking the gods to witnefs that their demands were jufl, one of them, with a clear voice, demanded rcftita- tion within a limited time, commonly thirty three days- which being expired, without any reftitution made, then the pater patratus, or prince of the heralds, proceeded to the ene- mies frontiers, and declared war.

Clabigatio is alfo ufed lor the apprehending a man, and hold- ing him to bail. The Greeks called this aition androlepfim.

CLARINO, in the Italian rr.uiic, figniues a trumpet; thus, a

doi clarini, added to any competition, denotes that it was made

7 E for