Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/519

 C H R

CHR

CHPA^T-thn?, in botany. See Paliurus

CHRIaTOGENON, x^oyivm, in the Greek church, a faff of forty days, immediately preceding Chrift's nativity, Hofnn Lex. in voc.

CHRISTOMACHT, x> r <^a™r, in church hiftory, a designation given to all forts of heretics who deny the divinity of our fa- viour, or hold heterodox opinions concerning his incarnation. Hofm. Lex. in voc.

The word comes from the Greek Xpr©-, CWijI, and [*a%o(*ais / fight, or oppofe.

CHRISTOPHORIANA, the herb chrifiopber, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the rofaceous kind, or cdmpofed of feveral petals arranged in a circular form ; the piftil arifes from the center of the flower, and finally becomes a foft fruit or berry, ufualiy of an oval figure, and containing feeds often adhering to one an- other in a double order.

'J 'lie fpecies of chrijiopboriana enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are trufe: i. The common branched chrijiopboriana, withra- cemofe fruit. 2. The American racemofe cbrijtophoriana, with white berries. 3. The racemofe American chrijiophori- i?m', with red berries. 4. The racemofe American chrijiopbo- riana, with red beiries ffandmg on long foot-ffalks. Tourn. Inir. p. 29Q.

CHRIS fOPHORUS pifcis, a name by which fome have called the faber, or as we call it, the doree, or jaune doree, the gilded fifh.

It lias obtained its name ofChriflopher fifh from an old traditi- onal fiory, that when St. Chriftopher walked through the fea with our Saviour, he feized on one of the fifh of this fpecies, which ever fince has been commemorated in the whole fpecies by the marks of his thumb and finger on the two fides. Hay's Ichthyogr. p. 20,4. See the article FabfR.

CHRO/E, Xt°'S in the mufic of the antients. See Colours, Genus, and Species.

CHROMA, {Cyd.) in the botanical writings of the antients, a word ufed to exprefs a famous root brought from Syria into Greece, and ufed by the w men of that country to paint their cheeks red. It was alfo called rhizium zndfucus, and by the Latins radicuta. Pliny calls it lanaria radix, but very impro- perly, for that name confounds it with the ftruthion of the Greeks, which was a very different plant. The Greeks tbern- felves feem to have known nothing of the plant whofe root this rhizium or chroma was, and have left us no descriptions of it; but it feems, by their account of the root itfelf to have been the common arichufa or alkanet, which grows in great plenty in Syria, and has its colour very high and elegant, and is fit for all the purpofes to which the Greeks employed it, in paint- ing the flefh, &c.

Chroma, in the Italian mufic. The Italians take this term from the Greeks, but ufe it to fignify a note or character of time, by us called a quaver, and when the word femi is added thereto, it means our femiquaver. Eight of the former are contained in a bar, and iixtecn of the latter in common time. Brof. Di& Muf. in voc.

Chroma is alfo a graceful way of fmging, or playing, with qua- vers and trilloes. Vid. Brqff'.Diit Muf. in voc.

Chroma alfo fometimes fignines the fame as the chromatic dicfis or femitone minor. Vid. Mifcel. Berol. T. 1. p. 279, 280, See Diesis.

Chroma is alfo ufed to fignify the genus chromaticum. In this fenfe we find it ufed by Ariftoxenus a, and in Ptolemy's har- monics b. — [ a p. 44. Edit. Meibom. b Vid. Wdllh Append, ad Ptolem. Harm. p. 166.]

CHROMATIC {CycL) — The moderns have been much per- plexed to underfhiud the different fpecies of chromatic mufic in ufe among the antient Greeks. Moft of our muficians have no other notion of the chromatic, than of a melody proceeding by femitoncs major, and minor. This is what JiroiTard faj s of it*. But this is not fufficient to convey a true notion of the chromatic. It is but in one fpecies of the chromatic that we pro- ceed by a femitone major and minor ; in one of the other two fpecies, no femitone major occurs, and in the other no femi- tone minor ; and this laft fpecies is ufed among the moderns ; fu that it is not univerfally true that our chromatic mufic pro- ceeds by femitoncs major and minor. Dr. Pepufch has given us a clearer light in this affair ; his doctrine is as follows : The antients diftinguiihed three forts of chromatic, which were denoted by the names, molle, jefquialtcrum, and toniesum. The chromaticum matte was a divifion of the diatefiaron, or fourth, into three intervals, which were two fubi'equent femi- toncs minor, and the interval, which is the complement of thefe two to the fourth ; and this interval will be found equal to a third minor added to an enharmonic diefis. This fpecies is not to he met with among the moderns b. The chromaticum fefquiaiterum, or bemiolhwi c, was a divifion of the fourth into a femitone major, a femitone minor, and a third minor. This is mentioned by Ptolemy as the chromatic of Didymus. It occurs in modern compofitions d. The chromaticum toniaum, or tonicum c, was a divifion of the fourth into a femitone major, fucceeded by another femitone major, and the complement of thefe two to the fourth, which is the interval, commonly called a fuperfluous tone f _ This of- ten occurs in modern mufic. — [ a Diet de Mufique, p. iq.

icctes fecond

b Phil. TranC N° 48 r. p. 272. c TFallis, Append. Ptolem. Harm. p. 164. d Phil. Tranf. ib. « IVallh, ibid. f Phil, Tranf ibid.] Chromatic is alfo applied by fome to the fcience of colours. Cajiel. Math, univer p. 76, 77.

Chroma originally figniiies colour, but has been applied by mu- ficians to founds. CHROMIS, in zoology, the name of a little fifh caught fre- quently in the Mediterranean. It feldom exceeds three inches in length, and is moderately thick ; it is of a duflcy brown co- lour, but is variegated by a number of longitudinal lines of a paler and brighter colour. Its fcales are large ; its head fmall ; and its nofe ihort ; its mouth is fmall, and its teeth very mi- nute ; it has only one back fin, which is very lon^, and has its anterior ray, or nerves, prickly, the hinder ones foft and flexile. The tail is forked ; the fin behind the anus is fupported by twelve rays, the two foremoft of which only are ri^id and prickly ; the firft but fmall and ihort, the fecond very long and fliarp. Its fide lines are dotted, and do not, as in other fifh.es run from the gills to the tail, but terminate a little beyond the back fin. Aldrovand. dePifc. 1. 2. c. 14. p. 167. Gefner de Pifc. p. 264. '

Artedi,who has very accurately examined this fifh, does not al- low it a diftinct generical name, but makes it only a fp, of his genus of the fpari, calling it the fparus with thefe< ray of each belly fin carried to a great length. Chromis is alfo the name by which Bellonius, and fome others have called a large fifh caught in the Mediterranean, more ufualiy known by the name of umbra, and brought to market in Italy while young and fmall. Gefner. de Pifc. p. 1 230. See Umbra. CHRONOSCOPE is fometimes ufed for a pendulum to mea-

fure time. See Pendulum, CycL CHRYSAETOS, the golden eagle, a large and beautiful bird of prey. Its weight is ufualiy twelve pounds; his general colour a chefnut brown, with a number of white fpots, there are but few of them on the back, but a large number on the belly j his feet are feathered to the toes, and yellow. He is ex- tremely bold and fierce, and will feize upon almoft any thing for prey _; his voice is clear and thrill, and often he makes a moaning noife.

That fpecies of eagle which we call fimply the eaMe, without any addition, is of this kind, and is properly charactered by the name of chryfaetos cauda amiulo aibo cinEia ; atranfverfe white line on its tail being its molt obvious diftinction. JPiUuvhWs Ornithol. p. 28. 6 J

CHRYSALIS ofthefilk-nvorm. SeeFEvE. CHRYSANTHEMUM, corn marygold, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the radiated kind; the difk is made up of fiofcules, and the outer border of femiflofcules ; thefe all ltand upon the em- bryo feeds, and are contained in a fquammofe, femi-orbicular cup ; the embryos finally ripen into feeds, which are ufualiy of an angular orftriatcd appearance, and fometimes very fien- der and (harp-pointed.

The fpecies of chryfanthemum enumerated by Mr. Tourne- fort are thefe: 1. The chryfanthemum with leaves like fever- few. 2. The great chryfanthemum, with deeply-divided leaves, and large flowers, called the Cretic corn marygold. 3. The Cretic chryfanthemum, with the petals of the outer circle fiftu- lous. 4. The double-flowered Cretic corn marygold. 5. The chryfanthemum, with flowers partly yellow and partly white. 6. The chryfanthemum with double flowers, partly yellow and partly white. 7. The great corn marygold, with large fulphur- coloured flowers. 8. The corn marygold, with finely divided leaves, and red joints to the ftalk. 9. The great corn ma- rygold, with leaves divided into numerous fmall fegments. io. The corn marygold, with blucifh, green, lefs-divided leaves. 1 i. The common corn marygo'd, with fulphur- coloured flowers. 12. The broad leaved corninarygold. 13. The little chryfan- themum, called by fome the little, broad-leaved, yellow daify. 14. The Portugal chrfanthemum, with maudelin leaves. 15. The Portugal chryfanthimum, with narrow, ferrated leaves. 16. The dwarf ranunculus-leaved American com marygold. ■TWtt.Inft. p. 491. CHRYSANTHERINUS lapis, in natural hiftory, a name given by old writers toaffone famous for its imaginary virtues oTpre- venting children from ficknefTcs during the time of dentition, by being worn round the neck by way of necklace ; we have no farther account given us of it by authors, than that it was a very brittle Hone, and not eafily worked into form. CHRYSITES, a name given by the antients to yellow litharo-e, fuch as we call litharge of gold. We diftinguim. this only in regard to the colour, and fo did the antient Greeks ; but Avi- fenna and the reft of the Arabians have ufed this word only for the name of fuch litharge as was made from gold, of whatever colour that happened to be ; the refl they called all by the name of argyrites, asthemfelvcs tell us, whether it was made of filvcr, copper, or even of the marcafite melted, and refined by lead. See Klimia. CHRYSOBALANUS, in botany, the name of a genus of plants called by Plumier icaco, the characters of which are thefe ; th^ perianthium confifb of one leaf, an.d is plane and permanent, and divided into five fegments. The flower confifts of five

plane.