Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/517

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CHtVAGE. See Chevace, Cyel

CHI L1DKNDO, in the Italian mufic, to end, finifh, or conclude ; as chiudendo col ritomelhy col I s aria, fignifies to end with a ri-

torncllo, or fome paflage which has been before fung in fome part of the piece. V 'id. Br off. Di£t. Muf. in voc. See Ri- tornello, Cyel, CHIVEN, in zoology, a name given by many to the mufcicapa, or fly catcher, a fmall bird little bigger than the wren. Aldro- vqnd, de Avib. See Muscicapa. CHIUM marmor, in the natural hiftory of the antients, the name of a black, marble, called alfo the lapis obfidianus. It is very hard, and of a fine black, and befide the many ufes which the antients put it to, is well known among our goldfmiths by the name of the touch-ftone, moft of them being furnifhed with nothing better for that purpofe than a piece of this, though the bafaltes, which might be had plentifully enough, is greatly pre- ferable for thofe ufes $ any black marble, however, that is to- lerably hard will do.

This is a very fine and elegantly fmooth marble, of a compact texture, and fine gloffy black, but {hewing no glittering parti- cles, when freJh broken, as moft others of the black marbles do. It is extremely hard, and cuts very difficultly, but is ca- pable of the higher pol fh of any marble. The antients had it from /Ethiopia, and the ifland of Chios; we have it from Italy J/iV/'sHift. ofFofilp. 466. J '

Chium vinum, Xt<& om®., Chian wine, or wine of the growth of the ifland of Chios, now Scio, is commended by Diofcorides 3 as affording good nourifhment, fit to drink, lefs difpofed to intoxicate, endued with the virtue of retraining defluxions, and a proper ingredient in opthalmic medicines. Hence Scri- bonius Largus h, directs the dry ingredients in collyria for the eyes, to be made up with Chian wine. — [* Lib. 5. 1 o. b Caftcl. Lex. in voc] CHIUN, or Chevan, in Hebrew antiquity. We meet with this word in the prophet Amos, cited in the Ads of the Apoftles. I St. Luke reads the paflage thus : Tetookup thetabemacle of Moloch, and the far of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to wwjhip them*. TheimportoftheHebrew is as follows ; Yehayeborn the ' tabernacle of your kings, andthe pedejial{theQ,h\un)of your images, I thejlar of your gods, which ye made to yourfeives. The Septuagint in all probability read Repham or Revan, inftcad of Chiun or | Chevan,?L\\&, took the pedeflal for a god. Others are of opinion, I that three falfe deities are to be diftinguifbed here, Moloch ' Chiun, and Remphan. Others again affirm, that the three | mean only one god,adored under fo many different names,and that this god was Saturn and his planet. Salmafius and Kircher I affert that KLiion is Saturn, and that his {tar is called Keiran among the Perfians and Arabians, and that Remphan or Re- phan fignified the fame thing among the Egyptians. They add, that the Septuagint, who made their tranflation in Egypt, changed the word Chian into that of Remphan, becanfe they had the fame fignifi cation. M. Bafoage, in his book intitlcd Jeivijli Antiquities b, after having difcourfed a good deal upon Chian or Remphan, concludes that Moloch was the fun, and Chion, Chiun, or Remphan, the moon c. — [* Act. vit. 4-3. b Tom. 2. p. 57 6 '5^',6io, 614, 617. c Caimet. Diet. BibL] CHIUREA, in natural hiftory, a name given by Cardan, Ovie-

do, and fome others to the opoffum. See Opnssu m. CHL./ENA, in antiquity, a kind of thick, Maggy, upper gar- ment ; its ufe was very antient, for we find Homer makes his heroes firft put off their chlance, and afterwards their tunics, or coats. CHLAMYDULA, in antiquity, a fmall upper garment worn by

children. SccChlamys, Oycl. CHLIASMA, x Al *^f*«t in medicine, a warm fomentation of the moift kind i as wvfm (pyria) is of the dry kind. Ca/ieJ. Lex. in voc. CHLOEIA, x?.o»«, in the Greek antiquity, a feftival celebrated at Athens, in honour of Ceres, to whom, under the name Chloe, X^*?, i e. grafs, they facrificed a ram. Pott. I. 2. c. 20. T. 1. p. 4^8. CHLOREUS, in zoology, a name by which Turner and fome others have called the common yellow-hammer, or emberiza Jutea. See Yzllow- hammer. Chloreus, in zoology, is alfo a name by which feveral authors, and particularly many of the carlieft writers, have called the ga!- bula,-z. very elegant and beautiful bird of the thrufhkind,almofi all over yellow. Mdrovand. deAvib. See Galbula. CHLORIS, in ornithology, the name of the bird commonly called in Englifh the greenfinch, a well-known bird of the fize ot a common fparrow, and remarkable for its green colour, ■whence it has its name, and for the largenefs of its beak, in which it approaches to the coccothrauftes ; it builds in our hedges, and feeds on the feeds of vegetables. CHLORfTES, in natural hiftory, a name given by the antients to a green ftone feeming to have been a jafper, but fo pellucid as to approach to the nature of the coarfer emeralds. 7'hcre has been an idle tradition of its being found in the ftomach of a water-wagtail, and many imaginary accounts have been given of its virtues. The old writers had a like opinion of the ani- mal origin of the lycodontes, orbufomta?, which they fuppofed were found in the head of an old toad ; but we may at prefent be as well affured of the chkrites being found in the earth as we Suppl. Vol. I.

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are of the lycodontes, or bufonitie, being the foffile teeth of th_ wolf fifll. CHOANA, x -a, r, in antient anatomifts, a cavity in the brain like a funnel, called alio sw.©. or pelvis. Cajl. Lex. in voc. CHOASPITES, a name given by the antients to a fpecies of the chryfoprafius, a gem of a mixed colour between yellow and green. It was called chajpites from the name of a river in which it was frequently found. CKOENICIS, x'i"";, in the antient furgery, the trepan, fo called by Galen and -ffgineta, and mentioned by Celfus, where he ^ calls it modiolus. Lib. 7. c. 3. Cajiel. Lex. in voc. CHOENIX, X ""i, an Attic dry meafure, containing three ccty- U, or one Sextanus and an half, which is two pounds and a quarter*. Its mark was a x with a, over it ".— [• Cajiel. Lex. in voc. » Gerr. Def. Med. p. 508.] The cboenix likewife contained the forty eighth part of a me- dimnus, and was otherwife called hemerotrophis. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. See Hemerotrophis. CHOERINjE, x-.. e „«,, in antiquity, a kind of fea-fhells, with which the antient Greeks ufed to give their fuffratre, or vote Pott. 1. 1. c. 2. T. ?.p. iig. GHOEROGRYLLUS, the hedge hog. This animal isdeclared to be unclean by the law of Mofes. The legiflator fays, that the hedge hog chews the cud, but as it divides not the hoof it is judged unclean. Levit. xi. 5.

The Hebrew fchaphan is not very well underftood by us; fome fay it is the hare, others the rabbit : but Mofes had before fpoken of the hare, and the rabbit does not chew the cud. It cannot therefore be either ofthefe animals, nor can it be the cbrerogrylit:, or hedge hog, becaufe it does not chew the cud. Bochart believes it to be a kind of large rat common in Ara- bia, good to eat, and called aiiarbucha. Thefe animals chew the cud, dwell in rocks, and go in troops ; qualities which the fcripture afcribes to tbefchaphm. Caimet. Difl. Bibl. CHOES,in antiquity, an Athenian feflival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated in the monthAntheflerion. Vid.Hofm Lex. in voc. CHOIR [Cyel.) — Choir mufic, miijica chorale, mufic fung in a chorus, as in churches. It is fometimes ufed for mufica plena, canto ferine, or what we call plain chant, or fong. CHOIROS, in ichthyology, a name given by Ariftotle and others of the old Greek writers to the cernua or acerina of the Latins, 1 called by us the ruffe. This fifl) has been called by a great va- I riety of names, but it is properly a fpecies of pearch, and is di- I ftinguifhed from the others of that genus by Artedi under the name of the pearch with only one fin on the back, and with a I cavernous head. SeePERcA. CHOLIC. See Colic.

CHOLOBAPHIS, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome of the antient Greeks to a peculiar kind of emerald which was in- ferior to many others, and was of a colour tending to yellow. Pliny tells us that the worft emeralds were thofe which had the colour of gall, or of brafs, as the text is ufua'ly explained ; but this is erroneous, for what is ufually printed aris, is properly acris olei. This is a name given by the Latins to the ompha- cium of the Greeks, that is the oil of unripe olives; this was of a coarfe greenifh colour, with a tinge of yeliow, and we are told by all the old writers that there were emeralds of this co- lour, from which thofe which were more yellow were diftin- guifhed by the names choios-Anticbolel/apbis. Some fuppofe that the word chole fhould be fpelt chhere, but this is reducing it to no diftinctive meaning at all ; thi- word only fignifying green, and that being the co our of all the emeralds that were of any value among the antients who ufed the word. It is plain that the Romans called all the green cryftals found in copper mines by the name of emeralds, for they exprefs in their defcriptions all the defects we find in thefe cryflals, fuch as their having hairs, or fubftances like hairs within, as alfo fills and thelikel° CHOLOMA. orCHOlosi., in antient medical writers, f>- nifies, according to Galen, any diftortion of a member, or depravation of it with refpect to motion. It is taken alfo, in a -particular fenfe, for halting or lamenefs of a leg, arifing from luxation. Hipp. 6 Aph. 80. Cajl. Lex. in voc. CHOLOSIS. SeeCHOLOMA. CHOMER. See Cords.

CHONDRILLA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the femi- flofcular kind, being compofed of a number of femfflofcules, each (landing on an embryo feed, and all contained in a cup of acylindric form, and feeming tubular : the embryos finally ripen into feeds, winged with down.

The fpecies of chondrilla enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: 1. The vifcous, field, rufhy-ffa] k'd chomlrilia. 2 The annualhawkwecd-leav'd chondrilla. 3. The fonchus-ieav'd cben- drilla, with pale yellow flowers. 4. The great fonchus-ieav'd chondrilla, with purple flowers. 5. The Teller fonchus-ieav'd chondrilla, with purple flowers. Town. Irut p 47c, CHONDROPTERYGII, in natural hiftory, a name given by Artedi and Linnaeus to one of the great clafi'cs or families of the fifties; the charaflers of which are, that the ravs of the fins are not bony, but cartilaginous. Artedi Gen Pifc. Lin- nesi Syft. Nat p. 5 1.

The bones of the body of thefe fifties are alfo cartilaginous, and the mouth in moft of the fpecies is placed in the' lower part of the body.

7 B The