Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/513

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the varnifh upoi: the veffel, an J Teem as if traced, by a fine vapour only. The hpacbe does this as well as the chekao,

and has bciide this the quality of ferving for the making the porcelain ware, either alone, 'or in the place of the kaolin : the chekao has not this property, nor any other fubftance be- fide this hoache, which appears to he the fame with our fteatites orfoap-rock. Obfervat fur lesCoutumcs de PAfie.

CHELA, x r \r, in medicine, has feveral bonifications. It im- ports a forked probe, mentioned by Hippocrates, lib. ii. de morlii, ufed in extracting a polypus of the nofe. But inRuf- fus Ephefius, cap. 4. %*frm, chela, implies the extremcties of the cilia, which touch each other when the eyes are fhut. But the moft frequent fignification of ebeka is claws, particularly thofeof the crab.

Chela further fignifies fiffures in the heels, feet or pudenda. Cajl. Lex. Med. in voc.

CHELANDIUM, in middle age writers, is ufed for a kind of veffel orfnip a. Jt Is alfo called chelandrium, ckelindrus, chelin- dra, Jalandra, and falandr'm, and by the Byzantine writers, ^ E ^v^ ( ^ b . The falandria is mentioned by Ditmar c as a vef- fel of great length, carrying oars, and 1 50 fcamen. It feems to have refembled an Italian galley d . — \_^ DuCange^QAo^.l^iW. T. 1. p. 950. b Ibid. C L. 3. p. 33. up. Bit Cange, loc. cit. d Dtt Ctf«g*,Ibid.]

CHELANDURUS, xa^V, in middle age writers, a fmall kind of chetandhtm. DuCange^ Glofl. Lat. T. 1. p. 959. See Chelandium, fupra.

CHEL-'\Z1UM, a name ufed by fome authors for a moveable tubercle in the eye-lid, commonly called in Englifh a ftithe or ftye. FJeijier's furgery, p. 4,6.

CHELERIA, in botany, a name given by Haller and Linnaeus to a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the perianthium is compofed of five equal lanccolated leaves. There are no petals; but there ifand within the cup five very fmall roundilh and emarginated neefaria, difpufed in a circular order. The ftamina are ten fubulated filaments, five of which are affixed to the necfaria. The anthers are fimple : the germen of the piftil is of an oval figure ; the (files are three, and ftand open : the frigmata are fimple. The fruit is an oval capfule, compofed of three valves, and divided into three cells. The feeds are numerous, convex on one fide, aud angular on the other.

The necfaria of this genus {hew, that they are of kin to the fedums or houlclceks, but in the fruit it differs altogether from the fedums, and rather approaches to the nature of" the lychnis; it would therefore be' very improper to confound it with either of thofe genera. Limi&i Gen. Plant, p. 196.

CHELIDON, in ichtbyologv, the name given by many of the old Greek writers to a kind of flying fifh, called by fome au- thors milvus and hirundo, and by fomeaccipiter, or the hawk fifh. It is properly a fpecies of trigla, and is diftinguifhed bv Artedi by the name of the trigla, with the head a little acu- leatcd, and with a fmgular fin near the pectoral fins. This method of reducing the fifh to their true genera, and diftin- guifh'mg thereby their proper fpecific names, is the only me- thod of truly knowing them The arbitrary names of mil- vus and hirundo carry fo little idea of the peculiar fifh with them, that they may be as well applied to one fpecies as an- other ; and accordingly we find two or three different fpecies of the trigla called milvus, &c. by different authors.

CHELinONIA, among the Romans, a name given to the wind more commonly called favonius. Hofm. Lex. in voc. See Favo\j:us.

It was only called chclldonia for a fortnight in the middle of February, becaufe at that time the fwallow makes its firft appearance. Id. ibid.

CHELIDONIUM, celandine^ in botany, the name of a "-enus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower con- firms of four leaves, which are difpofed in form of a crofs : the piffil arifes from the cup of the flower, and finally becomes a unicapfular pod, containing roundiih feeds. The fpeces of celandine enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe ; 1. The common Urge celandine. 2. The oak-leav'd .great celandine. 3. The oak-leav'd great celandine^ with va- riegated leaves. 4. The great celandine^ with both the leaves and flowers very finely divided. Tourn. Inft. p. 2*i„ Boccone has very ifrongly recommended this plant as a fpecific in the cure of confhmprions : he propofes the takin" it in inlufion, or drinking its juice, and lays enough in its praife to recommend it at leaft to a fair trial, which would be cafily made in a country where confumptions are fo common. Boccon. de Plant.

CHELIDONIUS, (Cycl.) in botany, a name given by feme writers to the anemone. Some have pretended, that the anemo- nies ufed in garlands and other ornamental things among the antieuts, were called by that name alone, and that the others were called cbelidonii ; but this is not warranted by fufficient teff imony : on the contrary, it appears that fome authors have called all thefe plants anemonics; others have calkd them all cbelidonii; others, all adonides ; and fo on. Thofe ufed in medicine feem to be no way really different from the others. Seethe articles Adonias, Anemone, &c. This name has, however, led fome into the error of fuppof- Ing the common ebe/idonium majus, or great celandine of the Suppl. Vol. I.

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antients, was a fpecies of anemone. Adrenals feems to give into this opinion ; but they arc of too different a nature for any body who ever f.iw them both, to fuppofe them allied to one an- other. I he reafonof the name chciidonius being given to the anemone, feeras to have been its flowering about the time of the fwallows coming from their winter retreats.

Chelidokius, in the hiftory of infeas. the name of aflycall- ed the fwallow-fly, by reafon of its fwilt flight. It is in mod parts of a brown colour, and has black prominent moulders, a black head, and fhort black antenna;. The wings are filvery, and edged with black. It often fits a long time together on ■ the leaves of plants ; but is very quick-fighted, and when any pcrfon comes near it it is gone in a moment, and ufually takes fuch long flights, that it is not eafily caught afterwards.

Chelidonius laps. SeebwALLowyiW.

CHELINDRA, in middle-age writers, a kind of veffel or fhip. Obligavit fe imperator ad centum chelindras & a- inqvaginta ga'- hias ducendas ultra mare. Mat. Paris An. 122b. ap Du Cause Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 959. & Blount, Law Dia. See the ar- ticle Chelandium.

CHELON, in zoology, the name of a fifh of the mullet kind, and much refembling the common mullet in its general fhape, but its eyes are more prominent, and its head fmaller. It lias alfo its fide lines, which run from the head to the tail, very evenly ranged, and j laced at equal dift-nc.es, and its lips are remarkably thick and prominent. It is of the fize of the com- mon mullet, ffitlughby, Hift. fife, p 276.

CHELONE, in botany, a name by which Linnanis and Dil- lenius have called a genus of plants, which Gronovius in his Virginia has called anonymos. The charaflers are thefe: the perianthium is very fhort, and remains after the flower is fal- len : it is compofed of one leaf, divided into five erea and oval fegments : the flower is one-leav'd, and is of thel.ibiated kind : the tube is cylindric, and marked with four ridges, and is placed under the cup : the fiiles are four in number ; they are pointed, crooked, and of the heigth -of the {lamina : the ftigmata are hoary, and are placed longitudinally on the fliic. The fruit is compofed of a coriaceous cruft, made fquare by- four membranes, placed in the manner of wings at its four ridges ; this contains one bony nut, which has four cells, and contains as many oblong kernels. Linnici Gen. Plant' p. 249.

CHELYDRUS, in natural hiftory, a fpecies of ferpents, the fame with the cherfydrus. Hofm. Lex. in voc. See Cheksydrus.

CHELYSMA, in antiquity, a thick piece of wood which the Greeks fixed to the keels of their fhips, to fave them from being worn or broken. It was alfo called omens. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc.

CHEMA, x«fiv, according to Blancard, is the name of a cer- tain meafure fometimes mentioned by the Greek phyficians and which he thinks contained two fmall fpoonfuls. But it muft be obferved, that the Athenians had two chemas, the larger of which weighed thre e drams, and the lefler two ; which latter is equivalent to the thirtieth part of the cot\le or half .pint. It is not improbable, that, by the chema, a 'ertain meafure is denoted, containing as much as a certain fea-fhe!) called chama, holds. The determined weight of this quantity cannot be accurately afcertaincd, in conl'equence of the diffe- rent fpecific gravities of different fubftances : juft as, at prc- fent, the word ffaonful is ufed in a vague and undetermined fenfe, efpecially with refpea to fubftances, of which 'tis a matter of indifference whether a little more or a little lefs be

I i ufed. lilanc. Lex. Med. Renov. in voc.

CHEME, among the Romans, was a liquid meafure, contain- ing the fifth part of a cyathus. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. See Cyathus.

CHEMIN des ronies, in fortification. See Way of the rounds Cycl. '

CHEMISTRY (Cycl ' ) — Commercial Chemistry is ufed to denote the application both of technical and philofophical chemiftry, to the eft.ablifb.ing, fupporting, or improving any branch of trade or commerce. Shavfs Le&ures, p. 413.

Oecommical Chemistry, the application of philofophical, technical, or commercial cbemijlry, to the fervice and accom- modation of the affairs of a family. Shaw's Lea. p. 412.

Philafephical Chemistry. Philofophic themijlr} confifts of three parts, viz. invention, rationale, and experiment ; whence we may define it to be a particular exercife of the rational and in- ventive faculties of the mind, leading to experiments, and thence to the difcovery of caufes, fo as to form axioms that fhall rationally account for phenomena, and difcover rules of praaice for producing ufeful effeas. And thus philofophxal chemiftry is not only the key to all the other parts, but it dif- covers of itfelf the caufes of many natural phenomena, as particularly, earthquakes, volcanoes, vegetation, the growth of minerals, and the like.

This branch of chemiftry alfo explains the general forms and qualities of bodies, whereon their properties and effefts depend ; as volatility and fixednefs, fluidity and firrnnefs, colours, taffes,' odours, effervefcences, fermentation, folution, precipitation! congelation, extraaion, and the like.

To this part of chamflry it alio belongs to bring new inven- tions to the teft, to difcover their validity or°infufficiency Thus when any hint is ftarted for a new trade, cr method inl 7 A vented