Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/510

 CHA

C H A

CHANE, in Ichthyology, a name given by AriflotlejAthenseiiR, and the other Greek writers, to the fifh called by other authors hiatula channel^ and chaunus. It is truly a fpecies of the labrus, and is diftinguiOjed by Artedi by the name of the forked-taiied labrus, with the lower jaw longer than the upper, and with black tranfverfe lines on the fides. See the articles Chauna and Labrus.

CHANFRIN, in the manege, is the fore-part of a hoi fe's head, extending from under the ears, along the interval between the eye-brows, clown to his nofe. GuilL Gent. Diet, in voc.

CHANGE, in the manege. To change a horfe, or change hand, is to turn or beat the horie's head from one hand to the other, from the right to the left, or from the left to the right. You fliould never change your horfe without pufhing him forward upon the turn; and after the turn, pufh him on (height, in order to a ftop. GuilL Gent. Diet, in voc.

Change of [pedes, inhufbandry. See Species.

Changes of infecls. SccTransformation.

CHANNA, in zoology, the name of a fifh caught in great plenty in the Mediterranean, and brought to market in Italy, and elfe where, among the fea pearch, which it fo nearly refembles, that it would not be diflinguifhable from it, but that the fea pearch is bigger, and has only broad tranfverfe lines on its back, whereas the chauna has them both tranfverfe and longi- tudinal. It has a very wide mouth, and its lower jaw is longer than the upper, fo that its mouth naturally falls open. Its eyes are fmall, and its teeth very fharp : its back is of a blackifh red : it has feveral longitudinal lines of areddifh hue, and its tail is marked with reddifh fpots. Belbn. de Aquat. There is an obfervation, that in all the fifh of this kind which have been examined by naturalifts, there have been found none but females. This is as old as the days of Ariftotle. Whe- ther it be true in fact, would require many obfervations : if it fhould prove fo, the whole feems to end in this ; that the channa is no diftinct fpecies, but only the female of fome other fifh, Qefner, de Pifc. p. 260.

There is another fifh, not unlike this, called cannadella, or ra- ther chamiadella, which at Marfcilles is known by die name of channa. Vid. Cafl. Lex. in voc.

CHANNADELLA, in ichthyology, a name given by Bellonius and others to a fpecies of the labrus, called alfo fubettus, and hepatus pifcis. It is diftinguifhed by Artedi by the name of the lahms, wiih the lower jaw longer than the upper, with a forked tail, and with bfack tranfverfe lines, on each fide. See the article Labrus.

CHANNEL (CycL) — Channel, in the manege, is ufed for that concavity in the middle of the lower jaw of a horfe, where the tongue lies. This hollow being bounded on each fide by the bar?, terminates in the grinders or maxillary teeth. The barbies grow in this channel. Guit. Gent. Diet, in voc.

CHANTOR, (CycL) inthejewifh antiquities. In the temple of Jerufalcm there was a great number of Levites, who were employed in finging the praifes of God, and in playing upon inffruments before his altar. In the reign of David there were four thoufand finging men, with their heads and pre- fidents.

The chant or $ and Levites who were employed in finging, play- ing upon inffruments, and other functions of the temple, had no habits diftinct from the reft of the people. Neverthclefs, in the ceremony of removing the ark to the temple of Jerufa- lem built by Solomon, the chanters appeared drefled in tunics of byflus or finellnnen*. Jofephus remarks, that in king Agrippa's time they obtained the favour from that prince of wearing a linncn robe in the temple, like the pricfts. Agrippa believed it would be for the honour of his reign, to fignalize it by fo confiderable a change as this. The other Levites, em- ployed in different exercifes under the command of the priefts in the temple, procured lik^wife commiflion to learn to fing, to the end that they might enjoy the fame privileges with their brethren 1 *. — P 2 Chron. v. 12. b Calmet. Diet. Bibl.J

CHAOMANTIA, amongft the enthufiaftical chymifts, is the art of making- prefages from obfervations on the air. Ruiand. U John/, ap Cajl. Lex. in voc.

CHAOS (Cycl.) — Chaos, in the phrafe of Paracelfus, imports the air. It has alfo fome other fignifications amongft the al- chemifts. Vid. Cajl. Lex. in voc.

CHAOASES, an order of horfe in the fervice of the grand fignior. Thefe and the muteferriker were originally the guards of the fultans in Egvpt, and their leaders were his two vizirs, that always accompanied him. They now always go out with the bafha.

The body of the chasafes fcem originally to have been the guard out of which the fultan ufed to lend perfons to execute his orders. Pocock's Egypt, p. 166.

CHAPE of a fox. See Brush cf a fox.

CHAPELET, in the manege, a couple of ftirrup leathers, mounted each of them with a ftirrup, and joining at top in a fort of leather buckle, called the head of the chcipelet^ by which they are made fail to the pummel of the faddle, after being adj tilted to the riders length and bore. They are ufed both to avoid the trouble of taking up or letting down the ftir- rups every time that a gentleman mounts on a different horfe
 * nid faddle, and to fupply what is wanting in the academy fad-

dies, which have no ftirrups to them. Guilt, Gent. Diet, in voc.

CHAPELRY, capeVania, is ufed for a certain precinct belonging

. to a chapel, having the fame relation to it that a parifh has to a church. Blount Law Did. & in Terms de Ley, in voc.

CHAPERON of a bit-mouth, in the manege, is only ufed for fcatch mouths, and all others that are not canon-mouths, fig- nifying the end of the bit that joins to the branch juft by the banquet. In fcatch-mouths the chaperon is round, but in others 'tis oval : and the fame part that in fcatch and other mouths is called chaperon, is in canon-mouths called fronceau. GuilL Gent. Diet, in voc.

CHAPITERS, in architecture, the crowns or upper parts of a pillar. See Capital, Cycl.

CHAPOTENSIS, in writers of the middle 'age, a kind of coin. We do not find any certain account of its value. Du Can^e* inclines to think it the fame as the chatus. See Ch atus.

CHARA, in botany, the name given by Linnsus to a genus of plants, refembling the horfetails in general appearance, and called by fome hippuris. The characters of the genus are thefe : the cup is very fmall, and confifts of two leaves. Vaillant de- fcribes a monopetalous flower in this cup ; but others fay there is no flower or corolla at all. There is no appearance of fta- mina, but the fingle anthera or apex is of a globofe figure, and is affixed to the cup : the germen of the piftil is of an oval figure ; there is no ftile, but the ftigma are three in num- ber,, and are very broad : the feed is Jingle, and of an oval oblong figure. Lamm Gen. Plant, p. 508. ' Michel. 56. Vaillant, A. G. 1719. T. 3. Dillen, Gen. 2.

CHARABE, orCARABE, is fometimes ufed for amber, as alfo for the juice of the poplar tree. Vid. Cafl. Lex. in voc.

CHARACTER (Cycl.) In Roman inferiptions, we meet with the characlers CD and oc, ufed to cxprefs a thoufand. The ufual note of a thoufand, is either I between two CC's, (direct and reverfedj thus, CIO, or elfe X, thus, CX3. The for- mer figure, when clofed at top, exactly refembles an antient M, thus, © ; and the latter, when fhut up, the figure of 8, inclined thus oc.

We alfo find in fome inferiptions, the character <£, which is X between CD's, but clofed on all fides. But the learned Dr. Taylor feems to fufpect the accuracy of the copy of the infeription from whence this characler is taken. See Phil. Tranf. N° 482. Sect. 2. p

As to the origin and ufe of thecbaratfer X, fa often met with on the coins, utenfils, and manufcripts of the antients, fee X.

Hebrezv Characters. See Hebrew.

Characters off/Jjes, characleres pifcimn, are thofe marks by which each particular fifh is diftinguifhed from thofe other fpecies of the fame genus to which it belongs, and by which it is to be referred to its genus. Thefe characters arc the ef- fential foundation of all the natural divifions in this part of hiftory, and by means of thefe alone the young ftudent is led to the real knowledge of the bodies under confideration, whe- ther, according to the works of other authors, or fome new fyflem of his own. The naturalifts of former ages did not pay a fufficient regard to thefe marks, and confequently could not hit upon the natural divifions of bodies, but had recourfe to the artificial diftindtions taken from accidents or variable properties in them, and the general external appearance ufually gave rules to them ; hence the uncertainty and confufion of the divifions of the old authors, and method and regularity of thofe of the moderns. Artedi de Pifc. See the article Ge- neric a L name.

CHARADRIUS, in zoology, a name by which Gefner and Aldrovand have called the cedicnemus, a bird very improperly called in Englifh the ftone curlew. Aldrov. 1. 13. c. 15. See CEdicnemus.

Charadrius, in theLinnasan fyflem of zoology, is a diftinct genus of birds, of the order of the fcolopaces ; "the diftinguifh- ing character of which is, that the feet have each three toes, and the point of the bill is cylindrical. Linnai Syft. Nat. p. 47. See Tab, of Birds, N° 45.

.(Elian fabuloufly relates, that the fight of the charadrim cures a perfon of the jaundice. It is alfo called galgalus and biati- cula. Vid. Aldrov. Ornithol. 1. 20. c. 67. who defcribes this bird. Cafl. Lex. in voc.

CHARAIMS, a feet of the Jews in Egypt. They live by them- felves, and have a feparate fynagogue j and as the other Jews are remarkable for their eyes, fo thefe are for their large nofes, which run thro 1 all the families of this feet. Thefe are the an- tient Eflenes. They ftrictly obferve the five books of Mofes, according to the letter, and receive no written traditions. It is faid that the other Jews would join the Charaims, but thofe not having obferved che exact rules of the law. with regard to divorces, thefe think they live in adultery. Pocock\ Egypt,

P- *77- CHARaNTIA, in botany, a name by which fome authors have

called the male balfam. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. CHARAX, in ichthyology, a name given by^Iian, Appian,

and many other of the Greek writers, to the fifh called by

later writers the caraffius. See Carassius.

It is properly a fpecies of the cyprinus, diftinguifhed by the

name of the cyprinus, with twenty rays in the back fin, and

with the linea lateralis ftrait. Artedi Gen. Pifc CHARBON, in the manege, fignifies that little black fpot or

mark that remains after a large fpot, in the cavity of the cor-