Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/503

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CETUS, {Cycl.) in aftronomy, is alfo called 'cete, balcsn-a, draco, leoturfui marhius, bellua, monjlrum marinum, pijtrix, ophus, or- phas, e/kaitos, or e'.ketos. Vital. Lex. Math. p. 83. vocbehena, IVolf. Lex. Math.

Schiller, in lieu of pifces, reprefents the parents of the virgin Mary, viz. Joachim and Anna : Schickard, the fifh which fwallowed Jonas; Wigelius, the pope's triple crown and keys; alfo the crofs of the Teutonic knights.

Cetus is reprefented by the poets as the fea monfter which Nep- tune, at the fuit of the nymphs, fent to devour Andromeda, for the pride of her mother, and which was killed by Perfeus. In the mandible of cetus is a variable fiar, which appears and difappears periodically, pafllng thro' the feveral degrees of mag- nitude, both increaftng and diminishing, in about 333 days. HeveL in Phil. Tranf. N° 66, p. 2028. MaraUL in Mem. Acad. Scienc. an. 1719- p. 122, feq.

Cetus, inzoology. See Cetaceous and Whale.

CEVADILLA, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the hordeum caufHcum Indicum, or Indian cauitic barley. Park. Theat. p. 1625.

CHAA, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the tea-tree. C. Bauhin.Vm p. 247.

CHACK, in the manege, is taken in the fame fenfe, as beat upon thehand; itis applied to ahorfe when hishead is not fteady, but he tones up his nofe, and fhakes it all of a fudden, to avoid the fubjection of the bridie. Turkifh horfes have this fault frequently. We fay, they beat upon the hand ; and the bell bits, nor the beft hand, can never fix their heads. Croats or Croatian horfes, are alfofubjecT: to chack upon the hand; which proceeds from this, that their bars are too iharp and ridged, or edged, fo that they can't bear the preflure of a bit, tho' never fo gentle. If a horfe had not too fenfible, or too tender a mouth, he would not beat upon the hand : but in order to fix andfecure his head, you need only to put under his nofe-band a fmall flat band of iron, bent archwife, which anfwers to a martingale. Tins will hinder him to beat upon the hand, but will not break him of the habit ; for as foon as the martingale is taken off, he will fall into the fame vice again. Guil, Gent. Dicl. invoc.

CHADCHOD, in Jewifh antiquity. Ezekiel* mentions chad- chod among the feveral merchandizes which were brought to Tyre. The old interpreters not very well knowing the mean- ing of this term, continued it in their tranflation. St. Jerom acknowledges that he could not difcover the fignification of it. The Chaldee interprets it pearls ; others think that the onyx, ruby, carbuncle, chryftal, or diamond is meant by it a .— [ 3 E%ek. xxvii. 1 6. b Calmet. Dicl:. Btbl. in voc.]

CHjELjE cancrorum. See Crabs claws.

CH^ROPHYLLUM, chervil, in botany, &c. See Chervil.

CH/ERUS, in ichthyology, a name given by Strabo, and fome other of the old Greek writers, to the fifh. we now call the caprifcus. Rondeletius and Salvian were the firft who properly defcribed this fifli. See the article GoAT-f/b,

CHiETODON, in ichthyology, the name of a genus of the acanthopterygious fifh.es, the characters of which are thefe : the branch io liege membrane on each fide contains four or five fmall bones: the body is comprefled, broad, thin, and fhort : the back has but one fin, which reaches all along it : the tail is large, and there are in all fix fins befide it : the mouth is finall, the lips may be opened and extended, but naturally they cover a part of the teeth ; the teeth in the jaws are oblong, contiguous to each other, and flexile: the fcalcs are rough; and the eyes are not covered with the fkin of the head. The fpecies of this genus are thefe; 1. The black chatodon, varie- gated with yellow lunulated fpots. This is a Brafilian fifh, called the puru, or acarauna major. 2. The chatodon, with a forked tail, and a prickle on each fide near the tail. This is the acarauna of the Brafilians : its fcales are black. 3. The fquare cbatodon, with many fpines about the head. This is the fquare acarauna, or nautis vitula. 4. The black chatodon, with two fpines upon the head, and four crooked tranfverfe lines on each fide. This is the guarerua of the Brafilians. Jrtedi, Gen. Pifc. 36.

The name is originally Greek, and is derived from %air«, a thin filament, and oSlws, a tooth, and exprefTes that the teeth mav be divided into thin and fine filaments, refembling briftles.

CHAFE, or Chafing of a rope, in the fea language, is faid of a rope that is galled or fretted, or when the rope rubs againfr any thing.

The cable is chafed in the hawfe, fignifies that it is fretted or be- gun to be worn out there. Guilt. Gent. Dicl. P. 3. jn voc.

CHAFF. Great ufe is made of chaff in fome places of Italy to preferve ice : the ice-houfe for this purpofe need only be a deep hole dug in the ground on the fide of a hill, from the bottom of which they can eafily carry out a drain, to let out the water which is feparated at any time from the ice, that it may not melt and fpoil the reft. If the ground is tolerably dry, they do not line the fides with anything, but leave them naked, and only make a covering of thatch over the top of the hole: this pit they fill either with pure fnow, or elfe with ice taken from the pureft and clearer!: water ; becaufe they do not ufe it as we do in England, to let the bottles in, but really mix it with the wine. They firft cover the bottom of the hole with chaffs and then lay in the ice, riot letting it any where touch

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the fides, but ramming in a large bed of chaff all the way b> tween : they thus carry on the tilling to the top; and then co- yer the furface with chaff, and in this manner it will keep as long as they pleafe.

When they take any of it out for ufe, they wrap the liifnp up in chaff, and it may then he carried to any dillant place,' with- out wafte or running. Phil Tranf. N" 8.

CHAFERY, in the iron works, the iiame of ohe of the two principal forges. The other is called the finery. When the iron has been wrought at the finery into what is called an ancony or fquare mafs, hammered into a bar in its middle, but with its two ends rough, the bufmefs to be done at the chafery is the reducing the whole to the fame fhape, by hammering down thefe rough ends to the fhape of the middle part. Rms Engliih Words.

CHAFFERS, in our ftatutes, feems to fighify wares or mer- chandize. 3 Edw. IV. c. 4. The original French of the ftatute is ehaffarei.

CHAFFING of the flefh in infants. See Infant.

CHAIN (Cycl.) The chain of 66 feet, commonly caller! Gut- ter's chain, is very convenient for furveying. 'it is divided into 100 links, each of which confequcntly will be 7 7 |J inches ; whence it is eafy to reduce any number of thofe links to feet, or any number of feet to links Treat.'Pract.'Geo'rji; p.5. This chair- is entirely adapted to Engliih merfures ; and its chief convenience is in finding readilythe numbers contained in a given field. Where the proportions of fquare feet and acres differ, the chain, to have the fame advantages as Gunter's chain, muff, alfo be varied. Thus in Scotland, t: e chain ought to be of 74 feet, or 24 Scotch ells, if no regard be had to the difference between the Scotch and Englifn foot ; but if regard be had to this difference, the Scotch chain ought to confiS: of 74 j Englifh feet, or 74 feet 4 inches, and % of an inch. This chain being divided into 1 00 links, each of thefe will he S 7 g;| inches. Treat Praft. Geom. p. 6. See Foot and Acre.

Chains, in fhip-building, are thofe irons to which the fhrowd's of the mafts are made fall to the chain-walk. G-uill. Gent Diet P. 3. in voc.

Chain-walls, in a fhip, are the broad timbers which are made jetting out of her fides, to which, with chains, the fhrowds are fattened, and by them fpread out, the better to fecure the mafts. Guiil. Gent. Dicl. P. 3. invoc. Mmwar. Seam. Dicl:. in voc.

CHALAST1CUM fat, in the materia medica, a name o-iveh by fome writers to the fid gemm. The aritient Greek writers ufed the word chalajlica as a general epithet for all thofe medicines which afled as refolvents and difcutients ; and this fait having much of that power, became diftinguifhed by that harhe.

CHALAZIAS, in natural hiftory, the name of a fmall ftone, defcribed by Pliny and other anfient writers, and faid to have been of the fize and colour of a common hail-Hone, and of the hardnefs of the diamond. It was probably ho other than the fmall pebble cryftals of the Indies, which are at this time frequent on the fhores of rivers there, from the bignefs of a large pin's head to that of a pea ; and as they lie in °reat clufters together, without any other ftones among them, "they. make a fort of coarfe fartd, which much referhbles a cluftcr of hail-ftones. The more imaginary ac'coimts of this ftone are, that it had the coldnefs of hail, and that it retained that cold- nefs even in the fire ; and fome have added, that it was of power to avert hail-ftones from any place where it was kept. Thefe idle opinions are too much of a piece with the accounts the writers of the middle ages give of the virtues of the gems; and ftones in general.

CHALAZITES, in natural hiftory, a rime given by fome to the chalazias.

CHALCANTHUM, (Cycl.) in natural hiftory, a name ufed by many authors to fignify thefubftance called by others chalcitis. See Chalcitis.

Dr. Hill has ufed the word chak'anthum as the genericaf name of a fet of foffils, the characters of which are ; that they are compound or metallic falts, of a coarfe and irregular ftruflure, confiderably hard, and naturally impure and opake ; inwliich they differ from the native vitriols, which are fine, of a re- gular ftructure, and naturally pure and pellucid.

ChalcAnthum, in medicine, a name given by fome to all kinds of vitriol in general. Vitriol confifts of an infipid phlegm, earth, or ochre, fome met 1!, mineral fiilphur, an acid fpirit or fait, and fome portion of a volatile aerial fait: that it contains water, needs no great proof, fince no fa'ine fub - ftance can cryftallize without it, and diftillation will convince any one that it exceeds all the other principles in quantity. The earth or ochre may be thus feparated ; difiblve vitriol in common water, a yellow powder will foon feparate from it and fubfide to the bottom of the veflel. It has appeared ftranwe to fome, that the morewater there is ufed in the lixivium the greater quantityof ochre or yellow earth will fubfide ; but this is plainly owing to this caufe, that the weaker the lixivium is the lefs able it is to fuftain hcterogerie particles, fuch as earih' Phil. Trartf. N° 1031

The vitriol, whenmadeevet fo pure, ftil! relainsapart of this earth, which is therefore not an accidental foulnefs of it, but an innate and neceflary ingredient in its compofition : vitriol twenty times diflblved and filtred,ajjd re-cryitallized each time,

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