Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/502

 C E S

GET

rally branched, and the females feldom have them. The crea- tures of this genus are the flag, the camclopardalis, the capre- olus, the rein deer, the tragelaphus, the hippelaphus, and the elk. Linnai Syftem. Natur. p. 41. SeeDEP.R.

Cervus volans, in natural hiftory, a name given by authors to the flag fly,or flag-horned beetle, a very large fpecies of beetle with horns doped, and fomewhat like thofe of a flag. It is of a blackifh colour, and its horns are ufually of the fame colour, though in fome of a purplifh c-afl, and in fome few they have been found of the colour of red coral. They are an inch and half, or more, in length, when full grown. Thefe are of great ufe to the creature, as it can at pleafure clofe their points to- gether, and take faft hold of any thing with them, as a crab or lobfler does with the end of its claws. The eyes are hard, prominent, and of a pale colour; and near thefe it has two pair of antenna ; fo that the horns in this creature are a Angular thing, and are not antennae of a particular kind. It has fix legs, of which the firft pair are much the ftrongeft and longefl. The males of this fpecies are much fmaller than the females. This is the kind of flag-beetle ufually found in Effex, and fome other counties ; but befide this we have another fpecies which is produced of a hexapode worm, frequently found in old wood. This fpecies is of a deeper black than the former, and its horns fend out only one branch. Say's Hilt. Inf. p. 74.

CERYX, in natural hiftory, a name by which Pliny, and other old authors have called the three genera of {hell fifh, fince di- ftinguifhed under the names of buccinum,purpura,and murex. This, however, is a confufion that has obtained alfo in later times ; and though we have long had thefe three names, yet fcarce any author has avoided the confounding the feveral fhells fignified by them,till a lateFrench author, who, from the fhape of the mouth, and fome otherobvious and invariable characters, has cflablifhed the three genera, or, as he calls them, families, in fuch an exact manner, that want of obfervation alone can occafion errors in regard to them hereafter. Hift. Nat. Eclair. p 281. Sec Buccinum.

Ckryx, in antiquity. The ceryces were a fort of public mini- {lers, appointed to proclaim, or publifh things aloud in affem- biles.

The ceryces among the Greeks, anfwered to thepracones among the Romans. See Prjeco.

Our crycrs have only a fmall part of their office and authority. There were two kinds of ceryces, civil and facred.

C/z/// Ceryces. Thofe appointed to call afTemblies, and make filence therein ; alfo to go on meffages, and do the office of our heralds, &c. Feith. Antiq. Homer. 1. 2. c. 5. p. 128. Lake- mak. Ant. Graec. Sacr. P. 2. c. z, §. 3.

Sacred Ceryces, 'fcgwpfgvxKt were a fort of priefts whofe office was to proclaim filence in the public games, and facrifices, publifh the names of the conquerors, proclaim feafls, and the like. Pollux, in Onomaft. 1. 4. c. 12. §. 91. The prieflhood of the ceryces was annexed to a particular fami- ly, the defendants of Ceryx, fon of Eumolpus. To them it alfo belonged to lead folemn victims to (laughter. Lakemak, Antiq. Grzec. Sacr. P. 2. c. I. §. 3.

Before the ceremonies began they called filence in the aflembly, by the formula, Ei^hjjwits cny* •*»<; iruteus, anfwering to the fa- vet e Unguis of the Romans. When the fervice was over, they difmifled the people with this formula, Aaan apeo-ic, lie miffa efl.

CESARE, in logic, a mode of fyllogifms ia the fecond figure, wherein the major propofition, and conclufion, are univerfal negatives, and the minor an univerfal affirmative. Such is,

CE No man who betrays his country deferves praife.

SA Every virtuous man merits praife.

RE Therefore no man who betrays his country is virtuous. Walch. Lex. Phil p. 368.

CESIS, in botany, a name by which fome authors exprefs the common daucus fylveftris, wild carrot, or birds neft. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

CESSATION, the act of intermitting, difcontinulng, or inter- rupting the courfe of any thing, work, action, or the like. Calv. Lex. Jur p. 177. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1579.

Cessation of arms, an armiftice, or occafional truce. See Truce, Cycl.

When the commander of a place finds things reduced to an extremity, fo that he muft either furrender, or facrifice the gar- rifon and inhabitants to the mercy of the enemy, he plants a white flag on the breach, or beats the chamade ; on which a cejfation of arms, and hostilities commences, to give room for capitulation. See Capitulation, Cycl. and Suppl. -

CESTRATUM, a work enamelled, or painted with a ceflron. The word is alfo written cerofrotum and ceroftratum. Plin.Hift. Nat. I. 11. c. 37. Vhruv. Archit. 1. 4. c. 6. Turneb. Adverf. 1. 13. c. 24. Sdlmaf. Exerc. ad Solin. p. 545, Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 410. See Cerostrotum.

CESTREUS, in zoology, the name of a fifh of the mullet kind, but having a much fmaller and narrower head, and its fides variegated with much fhorter longitudinal .lines ; it is eaten in many places, but is accounted much inferior to the mullet. Gcfner. de Aquat. p 650. See the article Mugil.

CESTRON, Ktrgo-j in antiquity, the inftrument wherewith they painted, or enamelled, in horn, or ivory. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 35. c. 11. Fab. Thcf. p 545. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T, i. p. 410.

CESTROPHENDONA, in the antient military art, a compound kind of dart, or miffive weapon, balanced with feathers like ah arrow, and caft by a large fling; ufed chiefly bv the Macedo- nians, in their wars under Perfeus, with the Romans. The word is compofed of airpft-. a fort of dart called by the Latins tragula, and a^^^funda^ a fling. Liv. I. 42. & 6c Lipf.Pc!iorcet.4.Di3.\.2- Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p 4, ' jfquin. Lex. Mil. T. i.p. 199.

CESTRUM, wrpov, in the materia medica of the antients,aname given to a plant often mentioned, but very ill explained to us by the generality of writers. Dioforides fays, that the Greeks called it alfo pfuchrotrophon from its growing in damp places, and that the Latins called it betony orferrata, and fome rofemary. It feems very ftrange to us to hear the fame plant called by three names, which, with us, exprefs three fuch very different ones; but when we examine the description, we find that what we call rofemary is wholly left out of the number; for its leaves are faid to be finuated, or cut in, and indented a- bout the edges. They generally ufe the oak leaves as the moft known leaf to lefemble them to, but ,hefe are not fo deeply or fo acutely cut as thofe of the ceflrum ; and as to the identity of the plant mentioned by the other two names, we have not on- ly this account of Diofcorides to prove it, but Apuleius con- firms it, and Pliny exprefly fays, that the fame plant which was called by the Gauls betony, was called by the Romans in his time ferrata. The whole queftion therefore turns, whether this was the plant called at this time betony, or that called fer- ratula ; but the defcription helps us out in that, and the leaves of our betony not being finuated at all, it remains evident, that our faw wort,orferratula, is the cejirum and pfuchrotrophon of the Greeks, and the betonica or vettonica of the Latins, and fometimes their rofmarinus.

Pliny and Apuleius feem indeed to have perplexed this enquiry by faying, that the leaves of betony or cejirum were like thofe of the dock ; but it is plain that in this cafe they have not diftinguifhed between betonica and brittanica; nay, Pliny himfelf in one place makes thefe the fame, fpeaking of betony, and fo does Apuleius; they fay the plant called beto- ny or brittanica was called cejirum, &c. by the Greeks. This explains their mentioning the leaves to be like docks; for Di- ofcorides in his defcription of the brittanica fays, that its leaves are like thofe of the dock, which is very juft, this plant being the great hydrolapathum, or water dock, but no way refem- bling the betony.

CETACEOUS, {Cycl.) in a proper fenfe, denotes only thofe large fifh which are viviparous, or breed their young within their own bodies, and have no gills, but lungs, with which they breath like quadrupeds, having but one pair of fins, and giving fuck to their young. Ray, Coll. Loc. Word. p. 98. Bought. Collect. N°53i. T. 3. p. 272, feq.

Thefe fcarce differ in any thing from quadrupeds, except the want of feet. They have no air bladder, but are en- abled by the air they receive into the lungs in refpiration, to render their bodies equiponderant to water. Ray, Wifd. of Creat. P. j. p. 26. See Air bladder.

Cetaceous, in the ordinary ufe, is alfo extended to all larger fifh, called by the Latins bellua marina, or fea beafts. In which view, cetaceous fifties are divided into greater, in- cluding the whale kind, properly fo called ; and leffer, to which belong the porpoife, fhark, dog fifh, &c. Thefe lat- ter are more properly called cartilaginous fifties. The fea fox is ranked by authors in the clafs of cetaceous cartilaginous fifties, not flat, called alfo galeola ; whofe fpe- cific difference confifts in this, that they have two livers, five gills, or branchiae, on each fide, and tufts hanging from the fins, which in the males are under the belly on each fide the navel. Jour, des Scav. T. 2. p. 214. See Ga- leola.

Of the cetaceous kind, properly fo called, there are divers fpecies : fome without teeth, or tube to caft up water ; others with teeth and a water tube ; and others with a large' long horn. Hought. loc. cit.

CETERACH, an officinal, agglutinant plant; the fame with what is otherwife denominated afplemum and folopendrium. Pharm. Coll. Reg. Med. Lond. p. 1 2 1. Gorr. Med. Defin. voc. acrw\mav. ghtinc. Difpenf. P. 2. Sect. 2. n. 113, See Asplenium and Scolopendrium.

This plant ftands recommended as an excellent diuretic, and a promoter of the menfes. The whole plant is to be ufed, and mould be gathered in the month of September. It is given by fome in jaundices, in quartan agues, and in obflructions of the fpleen ; but it is much neglected in the prefent practice. In fome parts of Eftex, where it is common on the walls of their churches, and on the tombs in the church yards, the common people tell us wonders of its effects in the flone. Dale, Pharm.

CETRA, in antiquity, a fmall leathern fhield, ufed by the antient Spaniards, Moors, and even Britons. Vid. Tacit. Vit. Agrieol. c. 36.

The African cetra 2re faid by Pliny to have been impenetrable, and made of elephants (kins. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 11. c. ?q. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. i. p. 199. The cetra was much the fame with the pelta. Whence Livy calls the Macedonians peltajla, cetrati. Liv, L 28. e. 5. id. j ib. 1. 31.6*36. See Pklta. 1 CETUS