Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/50

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age. V. Bibl. Univ. T. 4. p. 118. Du Pin, Bibl. Ecclef.

T. 17. p. 95. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 45. p. 564.

Several conditions and preparations were required at the bap-

tiim of Adults, or catechumens, beyond what were ufcd in

that of infants. V. Durand. de Ritib. 1 I. c. 19. p. 154.

Singh. Orig. Ecclef. I. 11. 5. §. 1. Works of the Learn.

T. 3. p. 60. Bibl. Univ. T. 3. p. 507. Adult is alfo ufed, in civil law writers, for a youth between

fourteen and twenty-five years of age. Brijf. de Verb. Signif.

in voc. Adolefccntes.

In which fenfe, adultus is fynonymous with juvenis, adolefcens,

or adulefcens. Adult Plants, a late author obfefves, differ from immature

ones, in that they contain more oil, and lefs fait ; and the

fame he judges will hold of men : but this requires farther

examination. Vid. Termztmi ap. Giorn. de Letter, d'ltal.

T. 29. p. 317, 3,8.

ADULTERATION, {Cyd.) in matters of pharmacy, denotes a fraudulent corruption of drugs, or medicines, by fubftituting ingredients of lefs value, for the fake of greater gain. I his practice the dealers in all the parts of medicine arc but too well acquainted with. Pharmaceutical authors give numerous infhnccs of Adulterations, both in fimplc and compound me- dicines. Horjl. Difpenf. Pharm. Univ. P. 1. I. 4. c. 17. Gorif. Chymia ab inutili vcrborum pondere liberata. Jour, des Scav. T, 31. p. iC g^.

French brandies are ordinarily adulterated in England, by the admixture of coarfer fpirits of our own manufacture, as cyder, malt, mclaflcs, and fugar fpirits. To deleft the cheat, is the bufinefs of what they call effay liquors, &c. See Proof, Essay, &c.

This Adulteration is little praflifed cither in France or Hol- land, for want of cheaper fpirits to adulterate withal, thofe of melaffes, or treacle, being prohibited in both countries : in the latter, they chiefly adulterate with fpirits drawn from wine lees. Shaw, Eflay on Diftillat. §. 5. p. 134. The crimen Adulteratorum vinorum is an offence, whereby wicked perfons, whether vintners, innkeepers, or even car- riers, mariners, apothecaries, or others, impregnate their wines with noxious, or prohibited drugs, and hereby bring the healths and lives of men in danger, call: a damp on the commerce of the place, defraud both buyers and fellers, and occafion various grievances to the community ; and this for their own private gain. M. Weber, a German profeffor, has a difcourfe exprefs on this crime, occafioned by the exe- cution of a vintner at Stutgard, for felling four unripe wines, adulterated with noxious drugs, cfpecially litharge, contrary to a ftrift prohibition of the duke of Wirtemberg. He enu- merates the fevcral laws and provifions made agaihft' this crime, among the Romans, the Greeks, Germans, French, &c. particularly by the emperors Frederic III. Maximilian I. Rudolph II. &c. in the diets of Worms, Auglbourgh, &c. with the fevcral penalties decreed by them, viz. pecuniary fines, forfeitures, whipping, amende honorable, and in fume cafes death : alfo the divers manners of adulterating, as with water, milk, fulphur, and, which is worft of all, litharge. Weber, Difp. Jurid. Crimen. Adulterator. Vinor. 4to. an. J 708. an extrafl of which is given in Nov. Liter. Germ. an. 1708. p. 433. feq.

By the Enghfh laws, the feller of adulterated wines forfeits 300 pounds. Stat. 1. W. & M. c. 34. The emperor Frederic was very fevere on the adulterators of wine with water ; who, for the firft offence, were mulcted a pound of gold ; for the fecond, loft their right hand ; and for the third, were hanged. Cantharus, the famous vintner of Athens, who gave occafion to the proverb, Cantharo ajlu- Sior, was put to death for no other crime. Conftit. Sicul 1. 3. tit. 36.

The practice of adulterating wine with litharge fprcad much about the year 1696, in the duchy of Wirtemberg ; and gave occafion to great complaints and difputes, an epidemical co- lic, which then raged, being attributed to it. V. Camerar. Difp. de Colic. Tubing. 1698. Adulteration of coin properly imports the making, or cafting, of a wrong metal, or with too bafe or too much alloy.

In which fenfe, adulterating is fomewhat lefs cxtenfive than debating, which includes diminiihing, clipping, &c. Evelyn gives rules and methods, both of adulterating and detecting adulterated medals, &c. Eve!. Dili", on Medals, c. 6. p. 209. feq.

Adulterations of coins are effefted divers ways, as, by forg- ing another ftamp, or infeription ; by mixing impurer me- tals with the gold, or filver : moft. properly, by making ufe of a wrong metal, or an undue alloy, or too great an admix- ture ot the bafer metals with gold, or filver. Counterfeiting the ftamp, or clipping and lcffening the weight, do not fo properly come under the denomination of adulterating. Hoffm Lex Univ. T. 1. p. 68. in voc. Adultcrare. Aft. Erud Lipf. an. 1696. p. 87.

The adulterating of gems is a curious art, and the methods of detecting it no Ids tifeful. Vid. Nichols, Lapid. p. 18.

ADULTERESS, a woman who commits adultery.

Adulterejfes are fuch either by the canon, or civil law. According to the former, a woman is an Adulterefs who either being herfelf married converfes carnally with another man ; or being fingle herfelf, converfes with a man that is married.

According to the latter, fhe is not an Adulterefs, if fhe be not herfelf in the married ftate, though fhe converfes with a man that is. The crime in this cafe was more properly called Jluprum than adulter turn:

Hence, among the Romans, the word Adultera, Adulterefs, differed from pellex, which denoted a fingle woman, who cohabited with a married man : and pellex differed from con- cubina, which fignified her who had only to do with an un- married man. The former was reputed infamous, and the latter innocent. V. Heincc. Com. ad Leg. Jul. ap. Jour, des Scav. T. 82. p. 123. Cujac. Obferv. 20. The Jews had a particular method of trying, or rather purg- ing an Adulterefs, or woman fufpected of the crime, by making her drink the bitter waters of jcaloufy; which, if flic were guilty, made her fwell.

The hiftory of the Adulterefs acquitted by Chrift, as related in St. John, has occafioned great difputes among critics and commentators. V. Calm. Diet. Bibl. T. 1. p. 54. Many have doubted of its authenticity ; firfpect ing it for an interpolation of the text made by Papias, either from the Gofpel of the Nazarcnes, in which alone it was found in the time of Eufebius, or at moft, from apoftolical tradition. The reafons of the furmife are, that it was not in the text in the time of Eufebius ; that it is ftill wanting in moft of the antient Greek MSS. particularly in the Alexandrian, and in the Syriac and Coptic veifious, though found in the Latin and Ara- bic copies ; that it was unknown in the antient Greek church, though owned by the Latins, and even found in St. Irenteus ; that it is omitted by the Greek fathers, in their commentaries on this booki as St. Chryfoftom, Cyril, &c. though the Latin fathers, as Jcrom, Auguftine, &c. fpeak of k as au- thentic ; that Euthymius is the only Greek who mentions it, and he does it with this addition, that it is not found in the beft copies. Beza fecms to reject, it, Calvin adopts it ; F. Simon doubts of it, Grotius explodes it ; F. St. Honore, and others, defend it. M. Le Clerc fuggefb, as if it had been borrowed from an obfeene adventure of Menedemus in Dio- genes Laertius ; for which he has undergone fome fevere reflections. Origen is faid to have expunged k out of many copies. Scherzer has a treatife exprefs on the woman that was an Adulterefs. For the particulars, fee Seberx. Hilt. Adultera;, ex Joan. c. viii. Lipf. 4to. 1671. Ouvr. des Scav. Sept. an. 1706. p. 404. feq. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 15. p. 245. It. T. 23. p. 176. It. T. 44. p. 56. Bibl. 1 Anc. Mod. T. y. p. 202. Jour des Scav. T. 22. p. 580. Bibl. Choif. T. 16. p. 294. Honor, dt St. Marie, Reflex, fur Regh de Crit. eim. 2. p. 119. Maclenz. Scot. Writ. T. 2. p. 313. Mem. de Trcv. an.- 1710. p. 802. Bibl. Univ. T. 12. p. 436. Dn Pin, Bibl. Ecclef. T. 29. p. 318. It. in Diff. Prelim. 1. 2. c. 2. §. 6. Simon, Not. fur le Nouv. Teft. T. 2. p. 54. Adt. Erud. Lipf. an. 1704. p. 82. It. an. 1758. p. 5. Vid. Le Clerc, Not. ad Hammond, in loc. La Croze, Diff. Hiftor. p. 56. Hift. Crit. Rep. Lett. T. 9. p. 342. Jour. Liter. T. 12. p. 136. ADULTERINE, (Cycl.) — Adulterine marriages, in St. Auftin's fenfe, denote fecond marriages, contracted after a divorce. — That father has a celebrated treatife on adulterine marriages, wherein he undertakes to fhew the unlawfulnefs of them. His arguments have been examined and refuted by Schilter. De Adulterinis Conjugiis, &c. cum Notis Schilteri. Extracts of it are given in Act. Erud. Lipf. 1698. p. 339. feq. and in Du Pin, Bibl. Ecclef. T. 3. p. 226. Adulterine writings denote fpurious, or fuppofititious ones. —Thus we read of adulterine dialogues of Plato. Eff. de Liter. T. 2. p. 46. Adulterine coins are thofe which are either debafed as to quantity, or counterfeit as to quality. See Adultera- tion.

Divers rules are given for diftinguifhing adulterine coins from genuine ones. V. Act. Erud. Lipf. 1694. p. 229. Adulterine balance, adulterina Jlatera, among civilians,

denotes an unequal or fraudulent one. Adulterine key, adulterina clavis, is a falfe or counterfeit one — Adulterinum fignum is that made with another feal, &c. Brif de Verb. Signif. Calv. Lex. Jur. Adulterine children are not eafily difpenfed with for admif- fion to orders. Thofe are not deemed adulterine, who are begotten of a woman openly married, through ignorance of a former wife being alive. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. By a decree of the parliament of Paris, adulterine children are declared not legitimated by the fubfequent marriage of the parties, even though a papal difpenfation be had for fuch mar- riage, wherein is a claufe of legitimation. Afi. Erud. Lipf. an. 1685. p. 156. ADULTERY, (Cycl.)— Moralifis, and canonifts, and divines,

have diftinguifhed fevcral fpecies of Adultery, as, Manifejl Adultery, that wherein the parties are caught I> i;j<», in the fact, or as fome exprefs it, Res in Re.

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