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by caufcd her Co mifcarr-y. There fcems indeed in fomc pla- cis to have been a tendency toward introducing fuch a law, by one or two zealots ; but the motion was no lboner made, than it was quafhed by the authority of wifcr men. Tl U5 Eufebius obfuves, that Pinytus, bifhop of Gnoffus in Crete, was for laying the Jaw of cetiba.y upon his brethren ; but Dio- nyfius, bifliop of Corinth, wrote to him, that he mould con- sider the weakness of men, and not impofe that heavy burden on them. In the council of Nice, an. 32^, the motion was renewed for a law to oblige the clergy to abftain from all con- jugal fociety with their wives, which they had married before their ordination: but Paphnutius, a famous Egyptian bifhop, j and one who him ft If never married, vigorously declaimed againft. it, upon which it was unanimoufly rejected. So Socrates b and Sozomen tell the ftory. To which all that Valefius c, af- ter Bellarmin, has to fay, is, that he fufpecls the truth of it.— [ a I'aJ Critic, in Baron, an. 248. p. 4, b iocrat. 1. 1. c. 1 1. Sozom. 1. i. c. 23. "Vakj. Not. inSocrat. 1 1. c n.] The council in Trullo held in 692, made a difference in this refpeft between bifhops and prefbyters, allowing prefbyters, deacons and all the inferior orders to cohabit with their wives after ordination ; and giving the Roman church a fmart rebuke for the contrary prohibition, but at the fame time laying an I injunction upon bifhops to live feparatc from their wives, and appointing the wives to betake themfelves to a monaflic life, or become deaconefles in the church. And thus was a total celibate eitablifhcd in the Greek church, as to bifhops, but not any others. In the Latin church the like eftablifhment was alfo made, but by flow fteps in many places. For in Africa even bifhops themfelves cohabited with their wives at the time of the council of Trullo. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. T. 1. I. 4. c. 5. §. 5. feq. Su'ic. Thef. Ecclef. T. 1 . p 733. The celibacy of the clergy ,however, appears of an antient Hand- ing, if not as a matter of command and neceffity, yet as of council and choice.

The hiftorian Socrates relates,that in ThefTaly the priefts were excommunicated who lived with their wives, though married before their ordination 5 and the fame was practifed in Mace- donia and Greece : he adds, that all the churches of Afia vo- luntarily obferved the fame rule a. St. Jerome, before Socrates, allures us, that the churches of the Eaff, Egypt, and Rome, that is the three grand patriarchates, and aimoftall the churches under their jurifdidiion, admitted only /ingle perfons to the clericate, or if they had wives, they from that time ceafed to converfe with them as hufbands. And St. Epiphanius before Jerom, though in the fame age, declares that a perfon who had been married, though but once, was not admitted to be either deacon, priefr, or bifhop, during his wife's life, unlefs he ab- ftained from her: and that if any thing contrary hereto be al- lowed in certain places, it is contrary to the rule of the church, and only connived at out of condefcenfion for human wcak- nefs. By which it may feem as if there were then fome de- cree or canon which effahliihed celibate b. — [» Socrat, Hiff. Ecclef. 1. 5. c. 22. b Walk. Difc. on celibacy of clergy. §. ,o. feq. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. J. p. 1538, feq. Sue. Thef. T. 1. P- 733-1 ^

CEL1DOGRAPHIA, the defcription of the fpots which appear on the faces of the fun and planets. See Spot. The word is formed from the Greek x--M, macula, fpot, and W*fa I defcribe.

Signior Bianchini has pubfifhed a celidographia or defcription of the (pots of the fun, Vid. Bibl. Ital. T. 7. p. 82. Act. Erud. Lipf.An. 1729. p-493-

CLLIMIA, in the materia medica, a name given by the modern Greeks to the calamine or lapis calaminaris. The Arabians called this fubftan.ee climia, and fometimes calimia ; and celimia was but a very fmall change from this.

CELL,a7/i-,('6y/.)inantient writers, denotes a place or apartment ufually under ground, and vaulted ; in which were ilored up fomc fort of neceflaries, as wine, honey, wheat, and the like; according to which it was peculiarly denominated cella vinaria, oleria, wellaria, pmarid, &c. Cie. de Senect. c. 16. Fab. Thef. p. 51;. 7 he word is formed from the Latin celare, to hide, or conceal.

Cella was alfo ufed for the lodge, or habitation of a common woman or proflitutc, as being under ground; hence alfo de- nominated fornix.

Intra lit calidum vctcri centone lupanar,

Et cellam lacuem. Juv. Sat. 6. v. 121.

Cn which place an ar.tientfcholiaft remarks, that the names of the whores were written on the doors of their feveral cells ; by which we learn the meaning of itifcripta cella, in Martial. Mart. Epigr. 1. 1 1 . Ep. 46. Fab. Thef. p. 517.

Cella was alfo applied to the bed-chambers of domeflics, and fervants ; probably as being low and narrow. Cicero inveighing againft* the luxury of Antony, fays, the beds in the very cella of his fervants were fpread with pompous pur- pie coverlets.

Ceil a is alio applied to the members or apartments of baths. Cie. Philip. 2. c. ;y. Fab. Thef. p. 518. See Bath. Cf thefe there were three principal called frigi,. aria, tepldaria, and ealdaria. To which may be added a fourth called tella aJJ'a, and fometimes fudatoria, Vid. Pallad. de re Ruft. 1. 1. c. 40. Sabnaf. Ctfery. ad Vopifc. Fab. Thef. p. 518.

Cm.la wr.s alfo applied to the adyta, or in moil and moft retired parts of temples, wherein the images of the gods to whom the edifices were confecrated, were preferved. In this fenfe we meet with cella Jovis, eel a Concordia, he. Pub. Vjclor calls them dclubra \ and Pliny by a more comprchenfive name ades. Piiti. Hift. Nat. 1. 3;. c. 10.

The Roman capitol, we are told by Dionyfius, had three fuch cella, or chapels ; the middlemoft of which was facred to Jupi- ter, that on the right hand to Minerva, and that on the left to Juno. Fab. Thef p. s * 8*

Cell is alfo ufed for a lefTer or fubordinate fort of monaflery, dependent on a great one, by which it was erected, and con- tinues frill to be governed. The great abbies in England had moft of them cells in places dithmt from the mother abbey, to which they were accountable, and from which they received their fuperiors.

The alien priories in England were cells to abbies in Norman- dy, f ranee, Italy, &c. SUv. Suppl, to Dugd. T. 2. p. 1 \0. The name cell was fometimes alfo given to rich and confider- able monafleries not dependent on any other. Such was that called cella vrtus, erected by Otho, fumamed the rich marquefs of Mifnia, in the middle of the i 2th century, the molt fplendid abby in that country. Vid. Jour. desScav. T. 33. p. 263, feq.

CELLAR, celar'utm, in antient writers, denotes the fame with cella, viz. a confervatory of eatables, or drinkables. See the article Cella.

Cellar differs from a vault, as the latter is fuppofed to be deeper, the former being frequently little below the furface of the ground. See Vault, Cycl.

In which fenfe, cellarium only differed frompenus, as the former was only a fiore-houfe for feveral days, the latter for a long time a. Thus it is, the Baclroferitee, a fort of antient cynics, are faid by St. Jerom to carry their cellar about with them b ; ['■Scrv. ad JEn. 1. 1 . v. 7 04. b Hieren in Math. c. 1 o rft.guft. Confeff. 1. 9. c. 8. Fab. Thef. p. 5 ig.J See the article Bac- troperit/f.

Cellarium alfo denoted an allowance of bread, wine, oil, or other provifion furnifhed out of the cella, to the ufe of the go- vernor of the province, and his officers, &c. In which fenfe the word amounts to much the fame with an- tio'ia. See annona.

Cellars, in modern building, aretheloweft rooms in a houfe, the ceilings of which ufually lye level with the furface of the ground on which the houfe is built. Neve, Build. Did:, in voc.

Cellars, and other places vaulted under ground, were called by the Greeks hypogaa: the Italians ftill call them fundi delle cafe. Vitruv. de Archit I. 6. c. 1 I, Fe ib. Princ. Archit. p. 369.

CELLARER, orCi.LLEREP, celleranus, or celarius, an officer in monafleries, to whom belong the care and procurement of provilions for the convent.

The denomination is faid to be borrowed from the Roman law, where cellerarius denotes an examiner of accounts and cx- pences : Ulpian defines it thus : cellerarius, id ef, idea pro:} of- tus utrationes falva fint. Trev Dicl. Univ. T. 1. p. 1539. The cellerarius was one of the four ohedientiarii, or great offi- cers of monafleries : under his ordering was the piftrinum or hakehoufe, and the bracinum, or brcwhoufc. In the richer houfes there were particular lands fet apart for the maintenance of his office, called in antient writings, ad cibum monachorum. The cellerarius was a great man in the convent. In archbifhop Winchelfey's fratutes for the priory of Chrift Church at Canterbury, 'tis faid the great cellerarius ought to be the father of the monaflery. He had a jubcellerarius under him, to affift and bear part of the burthen. He held a hall or halimote, conventus aulas, to which reforted a great number of inferior officers fpecified by Somner. Abbots were oftcner taken out of the cellerarii, than out of any other order of peo- ple. Vid. Simn. Antiq. Canterb. p. 201, feq. The origin of cellerers fcems to be civil : the appellation was flrft given to an officer of lay-lords, who had the care and ma- nagement of their domeflic affairs ; anfwering to what is now called a fteward, major-domo, or intendant. After them, bi- fhops and abbots affected to give the fame title to their agents. Philip of Savoy, notwithstanding his high birth, was cellerer of the archbifhop of Vienne in 1243.

The cellenr was properly the perfon who had the direction of what related to the belly, which comprehended all eatables and drinkables: qui cella vinari '<z & efcuar'us prafi t. His whole of- fice in antient times, had a refpect to that origin : he was to fee his lord's corn got in, and laid up in granaries ; and his appointment confifted in a certain proportion thereof, ufually fixed at a thirteenth part of the whole j together with a furred gown. The office of cellerer then only differed in name from thofe of bailiffand minftrel; excepting that the cellerer had the receipt of his lords rents through the whole extent of his jurif- diclion. Trev. Didt. Univ. T. I. p. 1539. Journ. desScav. T.88. p. 4-7-

Cellarer was alfo an officer in chapters, to whom belonged the care of the temporals, and particularly the distributing of ' bread, wine, and money to the canons, on account of their at- tendance in the choir. In fome places he was called cellarer^ in others burfer, and in others currier. Trev. Dicf. Univ. T. x. p. 1540.

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