Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/49

 A D V

A D U

ADOSCULATTON is- ufed, by fome naturalifts, for a fpecies of copulation, or impregnation, by mere external contact between the genital parts of the two fexes, without intromif- fion. Grew, Anat. of Plants, c. 5. §. 9, Such is that of plants, by the falling of the farina fcccundans on the piftil, or uterus.

Divers kinds of birds and fifties are alfo impregnated by Adof- aUation, V. Grew, loc. cit. ADOSSEE is ufed, in heraldry, to denote two figures or bear- ings, placed back to back. Trev. Did!;. T. 1. p. 143. The arms of the duchy of Bar are two bars adojfee, Diet, de l'Acad. Franc. T. r. p. 25. ADOXA, in botany, a name given by Linnaeus to the genus of plants, called by other writers Mojchatcllina. Linnesi, Gen. Plant, p. 172. See Moschatei.lisa. ADPERCEPTION, in the Leibnitzian ftyle, denotes the a<3 whereby the mind becomes confeious to its felf of a perception. Tlmmmig. Lift. Pfycb. §. 16. ADQUISITUS, in fome anticnt Latin writers of mufic, is ufed for the note, or chord, which the Greeks called ireor**p&*- tajspo& See Diagram. ADRASTIA, or Adrastea, in antiquity, an epithet given to the goddefs. Nemefis, or Revenge. Vid. Strab, Geogr. ]. 13. Suid. T. 1. p. 56. in voc. ^arf*. Kujt. Not. ud eund. Hoffm. Lex. Univ. T. 1. p, 64. It was taken from king Adraftus, who iirit, erected a temple to that deity.

Authors make frequent appeals to the law of Nemefis Adraftia, which none may efcape a ; by which law, is meant no other than the irrefiftible force of the caufe of truth, and a right cf vindicating the luftre of it from all its adverfaries ; efpecially in afcertaining the caufes of things ; fo as at length to extort a confeflion from the adverfaries tiiemfelves b. — [ a V. Gal. de Ufu Partium, I. 6. c. 12. Hoffm. ad Gal. n. 374. b Era/. Adag. Chil. 11. cent. 6. ad 38. Hoffm. Lex. Univ. T. 1. p. 64.J Adrastia certamina, in antiquity, a kind of Pithian games, inftituted by Adraftus king of Argos, in the year of the world 2700, in honour of Apollo, at Sicyon. Heder. Schul. Lex. p. 64.

Thefe are to be diftinguifhed from the Pithian games celebrated at Delphi. ADRIANISTS, a branch of Anabaptifts, the difciples of Adrian Hamftedius, in the fixteenth century, who taught firft in Zealand, and afterwards in England. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1, p. 146. feq. Hoffm. Lex. Univ. T. 1. p. 65. See Anabaptist, Cycl.

The Adrianijls, befides the common dogma of Anabaptifm, are faid to have had fome peculiar notions relating to the per- fon of Chrift.

Theodoret alfo mentions another elder feci: of Adrianijis, a branch of the Simonians, or followers of Simon Magus, not fpoken of by any other antient author. 'Tis probable they took their name from that of fome difciple of Simon. Diet. Trev. loc. cit. ADRIUNE, in botany, a name given by the Arabian writers to the plant known at this time by the name of Cyclamen, or fowbread. It has been fuppofed by many, that they ufed the word artanita, as we do, for a name of this plant ; but though the word artbanita, or hartbanhhe, is frequent in their works, it appears, on enquiry, that it was the name of a very different plant; a kind of thiitle, ufed in the cleaning of wooll, and called by the Greeks Jlruthitun, and by the Romans lanaria berba. There is indeed a chapter of Avilenna, in which the virtues of the cyclamen, and the defcription of the leontopeta- lon of Diofcorides, are adapted to the artbanita ; but that author himfelf fees the error of this, and lays the fault upon the tranflator of Diofcorides into Arabic, whole verfion both he and Serapion ufed inftead of the original, and confefles that artbanita was at that time the name of the Strutbium, and Adriune the name of the Cyclamen. Avifenna, 1.2. c. 62. ADROP, among alchemifts, denotes either that precife matter, as lead, out of which the mercury is to be extracted for the philofophers ftone ; or it denotes the philofophers ftone itfelf, . inafmuch as this is alio called Saturn and plumbum, or lead.

Cajlellus, in voc. ADSCRIPTS is ufed, by fome mathematicians, for the natural tangents, called alfo, by Vieta, Profmes. Mackenzie's Scot. Writ. Vol. 3. p. 520. ADSIDELA, in antiquity, a table at which the flamens fat,

when they offered facriike. See Fi.amen, Sacrifice. ADSIGNIHCATION, among fchoolmen, the act of noting, or fignifying a thing, with the addition of the time when it happened. Chauv. Lex. Phil. p. 16. in voc. Adfignificare. ADUAR, a kind of ambulatory village, wherein Arab families inhabit, in a fort of tents, moveable on occafion, as forage and provifions fuit. Some alfo write the word Adouar, and Adouard. There are reckoned thirty thoufand Aduars in the kingdom of Algiers. V. Jour, desScav. T.22.P.638. Stepb. Span. Did. in voc. ADVENT 1 1 IA ccena, in antiquity, an entertainment made by the friends of a perfon who had been travelling, by way of welcome at his return. This was other wife called cana ' ad- vent oria. V. Pltlfc. Lex. Am. voc. Ciena. Suppl. Vol,. I,

ADVENTITIOUS, (Cycl)— Adventitious foffh, are foreign or extraneous ones, found incorporated with others, to which they do not properly belong. Such are fea-fhells, &c. JVoodw. Hift. Foil. T. 1. Pref. p. 16.

ADVENTURE, (Cycl.)— A Bill of Adventure is a writing figned by a merchant, attcfting that the property of goods fliipped, or fent away in his name, belongs to another, the Adventure or chance whereof the faid perfon is to ftand, with a covenant to account to him for the produce of it. V. Lex. Mercat. p. 42. Treat, of Dom. of Sea, p. 585.

ADVENTURERS is particularly ufed for an antient company of merchants and traders, erected for the difcovery of lands, territories, trades, &c. unknown.

The fociety of Adventurers had its rife in Burgundy, and its firft eftablifhment from John duke of Brabant, in 1248; being known by the name of the Brotherhood of St. Tbpmas a Becket. It was afterwards tranflated into England, and fuc- ceffively confirmed by Edward III. and IV. Richard III. . Henry IV, V, VI. and VII. who gave it the appellation of Merchant Adventurers. Mollay. de Jur. Marit. I. 3. c. \jt

We have feveral pieces extant concerning this company ; of which Kennet gives an ample catalogue *. Such are, the act of parliament for erecting them into a corporation b ; Letters patents of queen Elizabeth, for granting them divers privi- leges for fourteen years, for difcovery of the trade to the Eaft- Indies c ; The emperor Rodolph's mandate, baniming and profcribing all Engliih merchant Adventurers, with their hurt- ful dealings, traffics, and contractings, dated at Prague, Aug. 1. 1597 d » Queen Elizabeth's letter to the mayor and rheriff of London, affurihg him that fhe had demanded the emperor Rodolph's mandate to be revoked, or fufpended, and,- in the mean time, commanded all the emperor's fubjects to forbear traffic in England, and depart the realm e 5 Attefta- tion of the town of Midlehurgh, in behalf of the Englifh com- pany of. merchants Adventurers there refiding, dated 7th July, 1600 f. Wheeler has publifhed a treatife of commerce, fhew- ing the advantages arifing by a well ordered trade, fuch as that of the fociety of merchants Adventurers E. — [ a Americ. Libr. p. 18, 230. feq. b Extat ap. Hakluit's Voy. p. 394* c Extat ap. Purchas's Pilgrim. T. 1. L 3. p. 144. d Ap. Wheeler, Treat, of Comm. p. 80. c lb. p. 130. f lb, p. 176. E Lond. 1601. 4to,]

By our ftatutes, Adventurers making fettlements in any part of America belonging to the enemy, may obtain a charter from the king. Stat. 13. Geo. II. c. 4. feci:. 13.

ADVERBIAL, fomething relating to Adverbs* We lay an adverbial phrafe, adverbial expreffion, &c.

Adverbial numbers^xz fometimes ufed, to denote once, twice, thrice, &c Aljled. Lex. Pbilof. p. 3252.

ADVERSARIA, (Cycl.) — Advcrjaria amounts to' the fame with Opljibograpbia, tnrofwijftal^, or Memoriale ; and ftands oppofed to Codex j the former being for occahonal matters which were taken down hafiily, from which they were after- wards tranferibed into the latter, in a fair, regular manner, for ftanding ufe.

Morhof fpeaks much of the ufe and advantages of fuch Ad- verjarla to men of letters, wherein they may enter down what- ever occurs to them worthy of notice, in their reading and con- verfation, in an eafy manner, and in the order in which it occurs. This method of making collections, he (hews, has great advan- tages over that of digelitug things under certain heads, or common places j although he advifes, in imitation of mer- chants, to ufe both methods, viz. a day-book, or journal and leger. Morhof Polyhift. 1. 3. c. 1. p. 561. feq.

Adversaria is alfo a title given to divers books, containing collections of mifcellaneous obfervations, remarks, &c, Bibl.,.. Anc. Mod. T. 28. p. 233.

In which fenfe, Advcrfaria amounts to much the fame with varies leSiiones, varies obfervationes, comrnentarii, lecliones antiques, loci communes, geniales dies, vefpera, clcclff-, mif- cellanea, &c. Struv. Bibl. Ant, §.7. p. 13. The works under this denomination are otten confufed, in- correcl:, full of repetitions, contradictions, &c. V. Richer. Obftet. Anim. p. 171.

Adversaria is alfo ufed for a commentary on fome text, or writing.

This was fo called, becaufe the notes were written on the adverfe or oppofite page. Hoffm. Lex. Univ. T. 1. p. 67.

ADVERSATOR, in antiquity, a fervant fent to wait his ma- iler's returning from fupper, and attending him home. The rich had fervants in this quality, to give them notice of ftones, or dangerous places, at which they might be apt to ftumble. Piiifc. in voc. Hoffm. in voc. Fons.

ADULT, (Cycl.) in a general fenfe, denotes a thing arrived at fullnefs, or maturity.

We find many things in authors concerning the difeafes, the regimen, the'diet, &c. of Adults*. — The Chinefe have a peculiar fchool cf Adults \— [ a XVeljl. de ^Etate Adult. Paf- fim. A6r. Erud. Lipf. 1725. p. 446. b V. A£t. Erud. Lipf. 1726. p. 236.]

In the practice of the primitive church, few were admitted to

baptifm till they were of years of difcretlon : St. Chryfoftom,

and St. Gregory Nazianzen, were not baptized before this

1 M age.