Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/488

 C A U

C A U

With antimony inlhc fame manner, but not one of them has this effect.

CAUK1NG, in architecture, figrtifies dove-tailing a-crofs. Neve, Build Dififc. in voc. See Dove-tailing, Cycl.

Gauking fiW, in falconry, a hawk's treading time. Diet. Ruft:. T. i. in voc.

CaUKtHtS irons? denote iron chiftels for the pufpofe of cauking vcflels. Guill. Gent. Diet. P. 3. in voc. caulking.

CAUL, orCAULE, among mineralifts, a rcdifh pink-coloured {tone, found in the ftrata of the tin mines. Phll.Tranf. N° 69. p. 2102. Grezv, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 3. Sect. r. c. 6. p. 321. See Tin.

CAULEDON, Kau\vSar, or caulatim, in furgery, is applied to fractures which happen tranfverfely, wherein the parts of the broken bone (tart afunder, fo as not to lye directly againft each other. Cafl. Lex. Med. p. 151. Gorr. Med. Delhi, p. 217. voc. Ki.vMoov. See Fracture.

CAULIAS, xwM«f, an appellation given to the juice drawn from the ftalk of the fitphium, con trad iftinguifhed from that drawn from the root of the fame plant, which is called rhizias. Lang. Epift. Med. I. 1. P.p. 62. Sahnaf. Kxerc. ad Solin. p. 354. Schroder makes the caulias the fame with our afa-fcetida. Sch'od. Pharmacop. I. 4- d. 2. n. 172. See Asa.

CaULIFEROUS. Herbs are fometimes divided into cauliferous and acaulofe. See Acaulose.

The former are either perfectly cauliferous, as cabbage, or im- perfecta, as mofles. Ray, Synopf. Stirp. Britan. p. 25.

CAULIFLOWERS are the produce of a kind of cabbage, and have of late years been fo far improved in England, as to ex- ceed In fize and goodnefs any that are raifed in the reft of Eu- rope. They are in feafon in the months of May, June, and July, but the fkill of the gardener can continue them much longer. The manner of propagating them is this : Having procured fome good feed, you muft fow it before the middle of Auguft, upon an old cucumber or melon bed, lift- ing earth over the feeds to a quarter of an inch thicknefs : if the weather prove very hot and dry, the beds muft be fhaded with mats, and be lightly watered at times. In about aweek's time the feeds will appear above ground, and they muft be uncovered by degrees, but not expofed to too much fun at firft. In about a month more they mould be pricked out on another old bed, at three inches distance, and fhaded and watered When firft transplanted ; but after this this they muft not be much watered, nor be fuftered to have too much rain, which will make them black-fhanked, or rotten in the (talks. In this bed they are to remain till the middle of October, when they are to be planted out for the winter feafon : they are then to be planted out in rich beds, and thofe which are to be early ripe, are to be fhaded with bell-glafles, two under each glafs, and in February to be planted out again : the reft are to be at firft fet at a greater dlftance, and to ftand.

When the cauliflowers begin to fruit, they muft he carefully watched, and fome of the inner leaves muft be bent down over the flower, to made it from the fun, which would other- wife turn it yellow. The very fineft of the cauliflowers, which are not loofe and frothy about the edges, and very firm, fhould be faved for feed ; and the flower items, as they flioot out, fupported with flicks till the feeds are ripened, which muft then be carefully gathered, and dried for ufe. Mill. Gard. Diet.

CAUL1NE leaf, among botanifls. See Leaf.

Caulik? peduncle, among botanifls. See Peduncle.

CAULIS, among botanifts, the ftalk, or flem of an herbaceous plant ; or that part which rifes fihgle above the earth, and from which the branches and leaves moot upward. See Plant.

In trees and fhrubs this is properly called caudex, or trunk ; in herbs caulis or ftalk ; in corn and the grafles, eulmus or item. Fab. Thef. p.8oo. Bradl Did. Botan. Mill. Gard. Dift. in voc.

CAUNGA, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the are- ca, the tree of whofe fruit the terra Japonica of the fhops is made. Hort. Malab. v. 1. p. 9.

CAURIS, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome to the genus of fhells called by the generality of writers, porcellana, and concha venerea. It is from a falfc pronunciation of this word cauris, that we call thefc {hells Gowries. See Porcelan/u

CAURSINES, caurfini, in the Englifh hiftory, denote Italian bankers or money-changers who flocked into England, France, and the Netherlands, about the year 1235, calling thcmfelves the pope's merchants, but driving no other trade than ufury. They were feveral times bauifhed the kingdom for their extor- tions, and re-admitted by the intereft and intrigues of the popes. Mat. Paris, Hift. Angl. p. 403. Du Cange, Glofi Lat. T. 1. p. 771. Spe/m. Glofi; p. I JO. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. in voc. They are alfo called caorcini, caorfini, catarcin't, cawarfini, andcorflw. Some will have the name formed from Cohort, a city of France, where they flourifhed more than ordinary. Others derive it from the Corfmi, a family of wealthy merchants at Florence.

CAUSALTY, in metallurgy, the lighter parts of fulphureous arid earthy ores of metals carried oft" in the water ufed in warning them, and fubfiding. afterwards from it. Boerhaavc, Chem. p. 100. n.

In the tin works the caufalty is thrown in heaps upon hanks, which in fix or feven years they work over again, and receive a new fupply of metal from it. Phil. Tranf. N° 138. p. 952. Diet. Ruft. T. 2. voc. tin. See Tin.

CAUSE (Cycl.) — the Romans allowed divers juft caufes, even of fuicide : fuch were the ruin of one's country, grief, wearinefs of life, and long ficknefs ; tbe only caufes pronounced unjuft were* when aperfon having defcrved death, chofe to anticipate it, to avoid the infamy of an execution. Cato is repre- sented as having been much favoured by the gods, in affording him fo juft and legitimate a caufe for quitting this earth Vid. Gather, dc jure Manium. h lie. 9. Pitifc. Lex. Ant T 1 p. 386.

Cause of a difeafe is defined by Galen to be that, during the pre- fenceof which weare ill* and which being removed, the diforder immediately ceafes. Gal. de loc. Aft". 1. i.e. 2. Cafl, Lex. Med. p. 151.

The doctrine of the caufes of difeafes is called etiology. See Etiology, Cycl. and Suppl.

Phyficians divide caufes into procatarctic, antecedent, and con- tinent.

Procatarctic Cause, «m« •e^xuIo.^kv, called alfo primitive and incipient caufe, is either an occafion which of its own nature does not beget a diftemper, but happening on a body inclined to difeafes, breeds a fever, gout, or the like, (fuch as are watching, failing, and the like) or an evident and manifefl caufe, which immediately produces the difeafe, as being fuf- ficient thereto, fuch as is a {word in refpect of a wound. This latter is alfo called an external caufe, becaufe frequently happening without the body.

Antecedent Cause, «m« v^ovye^at, a latent difpofition in the bo- dy, from which fome difeafe may arife; fuch is a plethora in refpect of a fever, a cacochymia in refpect of a fcurvy.

Continent, conjuncl, ox proximate Cause, that principle in the body which immediately adheres to the difeafe, and which be- ing prefent, the difeafe is alfo prefent, or which being re- moved, the difeafe is taken away; fuch is the ftone in a ne- phritic patient. Brun. Dogm. Med Gen. P. 1. c. 5. P. ir. c. 7. Chart. Exerc. Pathol. 4. Rolfink. Ord. & Meth. Spec. 1. 2. Sec. 3. c, 2. Cafl, Renov, p. 1 5 1. Wax. Lex. Phil, p. 3:4. Mitral. Lex.Phil. p, 250, feq. Orators and lawyers diftinguifh three kinds of caufes, demon- strative, deliberative, and judicial, of which the jaft alone is properly called a caufe. To thefc the fchools have added a fourth, viz. the didafcalic, obtaining in indefinitivc queftions. Among the Romans, perfons accufed were fometimes forced to plead their caufe in chains ; efpecially where there were any apprehenfions of an efcape or refcue. Briffon. de Formul„ \. i- p. 42. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 386.

Pious Cause, among civilians and canonifts, that whereby fomething is contributed to religious ufes.

Fifca Cause, that wherein the emperor's revenue is concerned.

Public Causes are alfo called criminal ones, by reafon in thefc latter, tbe inquiry is u'ually concerning fome crime. Pitifc. lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 3.86.

Civil Causes were always tried fub dio, and the orators ufed to hire a crowd of applauders. Vid Plin. Epift. 1. 2. Ep. 14. Pitifc. loc. cit. p. 385. SeeApFLAUSE.

Liberal Causes, caufa liberates, thofe wherein the ftate of per- fons was to be decided, viz. whether they were free or flaves.

Amiable, or amicable Causes, caufa amabiles, thofe ctherwifc called by civilians favorabiles ; of which there were four kinds, viz. caufes of liberty, matrimony, dowry, and teftament.

Capital Causes, thofe wherein life, either natural or civil, was at ftake. Under capital caufes, the Romans fometimes alfo included thofe which did not concern a man's life, but his ho- nour or reputation. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 385.

CAUSEWAY (Cycl) — Some derive this from the Latin calx, or French chaux, as fuppofing it primarily to denote a way paved with chalk ftones. Ken. Glofi*. ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. Menage Orig. Franc, p. 168. Cafeneuv y Orig. p. 31, voc. chauffe'e.

Causeway, calcetum, or calcea, more ufually denotes a common hard raifed way, maintainedand repaired withftones and rubbifh.

Devils Causeway, a famous work of this kind, which ranges thro' the county of Northumberland, commonly fuppofed^to be Roman, tho' Mr. Horfley fufpects it to be of later times. Horfley, Brit. Rom. 1. 3. c. 2. p. 449.

Giants Causeway is a denomination given to a huge pile of flony columns, in the diftrict of Coleraine in Ireland. See Giant's caufeway.

CAUSTIA, Kctvna., in antiquity, a kind of woollen cap ufed by the Macedonians; which w^s fo ftrong as fometimes to ferve inftead of a helmet. Mem. Acad. Infcript. vol. 2. p. 394, feq.

CAUSTIC, Kavrmoi, (Cycl.) in a general fenfe, fomething en- dued with a fiery or burning quality. See Burning. The ftrong cauflic, now generally ufed by our furgeons, is pre- pared _ in this manner : boil foap lyes to a fourth part of their quantity, then fprinkle in, while they are boiling, lime that has been kept in a veflel pretty clofe flopped for feveral months ; continue to add this lime till all the liquor is abforbed, and the whole is reduced to a pafte, which is to be kept in a veflel

clofe