Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/486

 C A U

C A V

Menage writes it cavakadour-, and derives it from the Spanifli cavalgador, a horfeman. GuiU. Gent. Diet, in voz. Trey. Did. Univ. T. i. p 1513. in voc. cavalcadeur.

CA VALET, in theglafs art, a fmall iron ring Which liirrounds the lumella, or hole in the center of the floer, in the tower of the leer, ufed for annealing glafs veffels. Neri's Art of glafs. p, 24.2. See Lei:r.

CAVALLERlA, among the antient Spaniards, a kind of tax, or impofition on the inhabitants of great towns and cities, for the fupport of horfemen. Aquin. Lex. Milit.T. 1. p. 188.

CAVALRY (Cycl.) — The Roman cavalry confifted wholly of thofe called equites, or knights, who were a diftinft order in the diflribution of the citizens.

As kfeems hard to conceive that all the Roman horfe in the army fhould be knights, Sigonius and fome others have recourfe to a diftindrion between thofe who ferved equo publico, who Were the knights, and thofc who ferved equo privato, below the equeftrian dignity. But Gnevius and others fhew the con- jecture to be without foundation, and that from the beginning of the Roman ftate till the time of Marius, no other horfe en- tered the legions but the true and proper knights. Rennet's, Rom. Ant. Not. P. 2. 1. 4. c. 2. p. 187. See Legion, Cycl. The chief ufe of the cavalry is to make frequent excurlions to difturb the enemy, intercepthis convoys, and deftroy the coun- try » j .in battle to fupport and cover the foot, and to break through, and put the enemy in diforder; alfoto fecure the re- treat of the foot. Formerly the manner of fighting of the ca- valry was, after firing their piftols or carabines, to wheel off, to give opportunity for loading again. Guftavus Adolphus is faid to have firft taught the cavalry to charge thro', to march ftraigbt up to the enemy, with the fword drawn in the bridle hand, and each man having fired his piece, at the proper diftance, to betake himfelf to his fword, and charge the enemy as was found mofl advantageous b. — [ a GuiU. Gent. Diet. P. 2. in voc. b Crufc. Milit. Inft. for cavalry. P. 4. c. 8. It. in Ad- dit. Bibl. Univ. T. 3. p. 450.] See Battle. The Grecian cavalry were divided into catapbracla:, and non cataphrattte, i. e. into heavy, and light armed. I ^f all the Greeks the Theflalians excelled moft in cavalry. The Lacedaemonians inhabiting a mountainous country, were but meanly furnifhed with cavalry, till, carrying their arms into other countries, they found great occafion for horfes to fupport and cover their foot. The Athenian cavalry, for a confiderable time, confifted only of ninety-fix horfemen : after expelling the Perfians out of Greece, they increafed the number to three hundred, and fome time after to twelve hundred, which was the higheft pitch of the Athenian cavalry. Pott. Arch. Grasc.

1. 3. c. 3, T.2. p. 16. feq.

TheTurkifh cavalry confifts partly of fpahis, and partly of horfemen raifed, and maintained, by the Zaims and Timariots, Ryeaut, Pref. Stat. Ottom. Emp. I. 3. c. 2. & c. 6. See Spa- hi,?Zaim, and Timariot, Cycl.

QAV ATUM fel, in the materia medica, a term ufed by fome of the old Roman writers, as a name for the fineft fort of fal gemmts.

CAVAZION, orCAVAsioN, in architecture, theunderdigging, or hollowing of the earth, for the foundation of a building. Paladio fays, it ought to be the fixth part of the height of the whole building. Neve, Build. DicL in voc. See Founda- tion, Cycl.

CAUCALIS, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the cha- racters of which are thele: the flowers are difpofed into um- bclls, and are of the rofaceous kind, confifting of feveral petals, arranged in a circular form, on a cup which afterwards be- comes a fruit compofed of two feeds, of an oblong lhape, gib- bofe on one fide, furrowed longitudinally with deep lines, and furrounded with an edge of a denticulated, and fomewhat prickly rim. The petals of the flower are heart-fafhioned, and irregular in fize.

The fpecies of caucalis enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe : i. The broad-ieaved field caucalis, with echinated feeds.

2. The white-flowered broad-leaved field caucalis, with echi- natcd feeds. 3. The echinated field caucalis, with large flow- ers. 4. The echinated field caucalis, with fmall flowers, and fmall fruit. 5. The French caucalis, with very large fruit. 6. The dwarf fea caucalis. 7. The great caucalis, with the appearance of the wild daucus. 8. The wild daucus-leaved caucalis, with large echinated fruit. 9. The fpigneli-leaved Portugal caucalis. Tcttm. Inft. p. 313.

CAUCII nunmii, xavxm, a bafe fort of coin, current under the lower empire ; thus called becaufe concave, like a little cup from the barbarous Latin, caucus a cup. Haloander and Meur- fius are miftaken in faying this coin was fo called from having the figure of a cup on it. Du Cange, Glofl". Lat. T. 1. p. 902.

The caucii are the fame with what are popularly called amono- the Italians, Meclaglie di S. Elena, fometimes fuperrtitioufly worn by the women. Paul. MantifT. ad Beverin. de Ponder P-23 5-

CAUCON, in botany, a name ufed by Pliny, and fome other au- thors, for .the Equifetum, or horfctail. Get: Emac. Ind. 2.

CAUDA, (Cyl.) in a general fenfe. See Tail.

Cauda is fometimes alfo ufed in anatomy to denote the clitoris. Cajt. Lex. Med. p^ 151. See Clitoris, Cycl. and Suppl.

Cauda Cdpr'uorm, a fixed ilar of the third magnitude, in the tail of Capricorn, called alfo by the Arabs Dineb Algedi\ Its longitude, according to HcveKus. b, for the year 1700 was 17* 36' 48" of Aquarius, and its latitude Southward, z o° 25' 38''=. — [■ Vital. Lex. Math. p. 97. b p ro drom. Aftronom. p. 270. c Wolf, Lex. Math. p. 325.] /V

Cauda ceti, a fixed ftar of the fecond magnitude, called alfo by the Arabs, Dineb Kaetos. Its longitude in the year 17CO, ac- cording to Hevelius, was 28 22' 14" ofPifcesj and its latitude Southward 2o° 44' 35". Bevel. Prodrom. Aftron. p. 2S2. Wolf. Lex. Math. 325. Vital, Lex. Math. p. 97.

Cauda cygni, a fixed ftar of the fecond magnitude in the fwan's tail, called by the Arabs Dineb Adigege, or Eldegiaghh. Its lon- gitude, according to Hevelius, in the year 1700, was i° 16' 45" of Pifces, and its latitude northward 59 57' 23". Wolf. Lex. Math. p. 325. Vital Lex Math. p. 97. Hcvel. Pro- drom. Aftron. p. 279.

Cauda delphini, a fixed ftar of the third magnitude, in the tail of the dolphin. Its longitude, according to Hevelius, in the year 17CO, was 9 55' 17" of Aquarius, and its latitude North- ward 29 9' 20". Hevel Prodrom. Aftrom. p. 285. Wolf. Lex. Math. p. 326. Vital Lex. Math. p. 97.

Cauda equina, in anatomy, a denomination given to theloweft part of the fpinal marrow, from the laft vertebrae of the tho- rax, to the end of the os facrum. Beift. Comp. Anat. §. 273. It is thus denominated from its form, which is fuppofed to re* femble a horfe's tail. Its fubftance is fibrous, and very tena- cious.

Cauda equina a\fo denotes a medicinal herb, whofe leaves are reputed to have a ftrengthening virtue. This, in Englifh, is called the horfe tail. The officinal kind is mi re par- ticularly called by botanifts equifetum maim, in Englifh the great marfli horfe tail. $uinc, Difpenf. P. 2. Sett. 2. n. 100,

SceEQUISETUM.

Cauda leonis, a fixed ftar of the firft magnitude in the lion's tail, called alfo by the Arabs Dineb Eieced*. Its longitude, according to Hevelius, in the year 1700, was 17° 27' 46" of Virgo, and its latitude Northern 12° 18' 55" b. — [a Vital. Lex. Math. p. 97. * Hevel. Prodrom. p. 191. Wolf. Lex. Math. p. 326.] J

C aud a urfamajorh, a fixed ftar of the fecond magnitude, in the extreme part of the tail of the great bear, called alfo by the Arabs Alalioth and Benenath 3 Its longitude, according to Hevelius, in the year 1700, was in 12° 39' 24" of Virgo,

and its latitude Northward 54^ 25' 7" b . [2 Vital. Lex.

Math. p. 9S. b Hevel. Prodrom. Aftron. p. 306. Wolf. Lex" Math. p. 327. j J

Cauda vrfm mmoris e a fixed ftar of the fecond magnitude, in the extreme part of the tail of the lefler bear, called alfo the polar ftar, and by the Arabs Alrukabah. Vital Lex. Math. 4. 98. Wolf. Lex. Math. 327.

CAUDISONA vipera, in zoology, a name by which authors call the rattle-fnake, a fpecies of ferpent common in many parts of America, and diftinguifhed from every thing elfe of the ferpent kind by the rattle in its tail, and by its dreadful poifon. See Rattle-snake.

CAUD1VERBA, in zoology, the name of an animal of the lizard kind, called alfo uromaftyx, but more commonly known among authors by the name cordylus. See Cor- dylus.

CAVE. Caves were doubtlefs the primitive habitations; be- fore men bethought themfelves to erect edifices above ground, they took fhelter under thofe The primitive manner of bu- rial was alfo to repofite bodies in caves, which appears to have been the origin of the catacombs. Phil. Tranf. N 9 244. p. 344. See Burial and Catacomb. Eadmington caves, in Wiltfhire, confift of a feries or row of uniform holes, wherein pieces of armour are faid to have been found, whence they are by many fuppofed to have been tombs of antient warriors. Diet. Ruft. T. 1. in voc. Bad- mingion.

Caves long continued the proper habitation of fhepherds. Among the Romans, caves, antra, ufed to be confecrated to the nymphs, who were worfhipped in caves, as other gods in the temples. Cuper. Apoth. Homer, p. 31. Pitifc.hex. Ant. T. 1. p. 1 19. voc. antra. Pott. Archa;ol. 1. 2. c. 2. pi 192.

The Perfians alfo worfhipped their god Mithras in a natural cave, confecrated for the purpofe by Zoroafter. SianlHift. Philof. P. 17. c. 4. p. 1061.

Kircher, after Gaffarellus, enumerates divers fpecies of caves s divine, human, brutal, natural, and artificial. Kirch. Mund! Subterr. 1. 2. c. 2°. p. 118.

Of natural caves, fome are pofTefTed of a medicinal virtue* as the grotto de fcrpente ; others are poifonous or memphi- tical ; others are replete with metalline exhalations, and others with waters. There are alfo icy caves, full of fnow and cryftal, as in mount Sora ; and the -Mian caves which emit a continual wind ; petrifying caves, replete with a juice which turns into ftone ; aromatic caves, which breathe a fragrant fpicy odor, faid to infpire enthufiafin. We are alfo tofd of fome caves which incite to chaftity, and others to luft; fome arc narcotic, and difpofeto fleep ; ethers render perfons wakeful j fome flow with oil, naphtha, and bitumen ; others 3 are