Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/477

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Casting a point of traverji, among feamen, fignifies the prick- ing down on a chart, the point of the compafs any place bears from you ; or finding what point of the compafs the iliip bears at any inftant, or what way the fhip has made. Guill. Gent. Dia. P. 3. in voc.

Casting a colt, denotes a mare's being abortive.

Casting a figure, among allrologers, the erecting a celeftial theme, and dividing the heavens intohoufes.

CAsTlNG-TOf, a fort of fifhing net,fo called became it is to hem/? or thrown out, which when exa&ly done, nothing efcapes it, but weeds, and every thing within its extent is brouffht awav. Didl. Ruft. T. i.invoc.

CASTLE, cajlellum. (Cycl.) in antient writers, denotes a town or village furrounded widi a ditch and wall, furnifhed with towers at intervals, and guarded by a body of troops. Ifid. orig. I. 15. c. 4. Fab. 1 hef p. 48^, feq.

The word is originally Latin, cajlellum, adiminutiveof cajlrum. Jftd. orig. I. i.e. 2:

Cajlellum originally feems to have fignified a fmaller fort, for a little garrifon. Though Suetonius ufes the word where the fortification was large enough to contain a cohort. Suet, in Vit. Jul. c. 68. Horjl. Brit. Rom. 1. 1 . c. 8. p. 1 1 8, feq. The cajlella, according to Vegetius, were often like towns, built in the borders of the empire, and where there were con- itant guards, and fences againft the enemy. Veget. 1. I. c. 22. Horfley takes them for much the fame with what were other- wife denominated ftations. Horjl. Brit. Rom. 1. 1. c. 7. p. 101.

Castle, or CAsrLEjleed, is alfo an appellation given by the country people in the North to the Roman cajlella, as diftin- guifhed from the caftra ftativa, which they ufually call chefters. Horfley reprefents this as an ufeful criterion, whereby to dis- cover, or diftinguifh, a Roman camp or ftation. Id. ibid. c. 8. p 118.

There are divers of thefe caflella on Severus's wall : they arc generally fixty foot fquare, their North fide is formed by the wall itfelf, which fails in with them ; the intervals between them are from fix furlongs and an half to feven ; they feem to have flood clofeft where the ftations are wideft. The neighbouring people call them cajiks, or cajllefleeds ; by which it feems probable, that their antient Latin name had been cajhllum. Some modern writers call them mile cajlles, or milliary cajlella : Horfley fometimes exploratory cajlles. In thefe cajlella the areans had their ftations, who were an order of men whofe bufinefs was to make excurfions into the enemy's country, and give intelligence of their motions. Cambd. Brit. p. 839.

Between every two cajlella there feem to have been eight fmaller turrets, or towers. Horjl. loc. cit. See Tower, Cycl. Befides the fixed cajlella there alio appears to have been move- able ones, made occafionally of branches of trees and earth, for the defence of camps". Some defcribe thefe as a kind of moveable wooden forts or towers, which were advanced and drawn back in battle, as occafion required ». But it mull be owned we have no diftinci or certain account hereof. — [' Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. 1. p. 175. ' Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. I. P- 372-]

The cajlle of St Angelo, on the banks of the Tyber, oppofite to Rome, was antiently the maufoheum of Adrian, formed, in great part, of Parian marble, to which have fince been fuper- added fortifications. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 184. voc. arx. Castle, cajlellum, in hydrau'ics, is ufed for a kind ofpavil'ion, or water-houfe, in which are enclofed the cocks of feveral wa- ter-pipes with a little bafon, in order to make a diftribution thereof.

In which fenfe the antient cajlella amount to much the fame with pifcinae, or refervoirs, among us. See Reservoir, Cycl. Ulpian defines cajlellum, a fort of bafon, moduled out,of certain dimenfions, from which the water was diftributed by pipes, and carried into the houfes of great men, by grant from the em- peror. Ulpian. in Pandefi. 1. 43. de Aqua Cotid. L. I. Bud- dam ad Eund.

Vitruvius defcribes the cajlellum, as an appendage of an aqua- duft, with a triple emiffary, for receiving the water, and pipes to convey it thence. Cumqv.e iienei it ad mania efficialur caf- tellum,cff caftello conjunclum ad recipiendum aquam triplex emifi farium, collocenturque in caftello tres fijhda aqualiter divifa in- tra rcceptaclda conjuncla, uti cum abundauerit, ab extremis in me- dium receptaculum redundet. Vitruv. de Arehit. 1. 8. c. 7. The cafella of the antient aqusedufls are ftill vifible at Rome, though half ruined. They are lined with a durable kind of cement, which, according to Pliny, furpaffes in hardnefs the ftones themfelves. It is made of lime flacked in wine, and beaten up with hog's greafe, and the juice of figs or pitch. See Aqueduct, Cycl

Water-Q.K%-\ le, a piece of hydraulic work furnifhed with one or more fronts of building, with feeming windows and the like, containing a refervoir which gives play to cafcades, &c. Davii. Archit. P. 2. p. 465.

Or, a waier-CASTLE may be defined a receptacle of the public water furnifhed by an aquteduft, or otherwife ; contrived to uiftribute and fend it to different parts.

Modern writers on hydraulics treat of the laws of the efflux of Suppl. Vol. I,

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water out of cajlella into pipes, canals, &c. Vid. Herman. Pho- ron.I. 2. c. 10. p. 410. p. 427, feq.

Stgnior Poleni has a treatife cxprefs on cajlles, or refervoirs, whereby the waters of rivers are derived.the fides of which cajlles are made converging. Polen. de caftcllis per qure derivantur fluviorum aqua:, habentibus latera convergentia. Patav. 1718. 4". Extracts of which are given in Giorn. de Letter, d'ltal. T. 31. Art. 1. p. 1. feq. and Ait Erud. Lipf. An. 1720. p. 402! feq..

CAS rP R ' t ' le * mTOr > in the Linnaean fyftem of zoology, makes a diftina genus of animals, the characters of which are, that they have all the marks of the glires, with feet which have five toes on each, and palm- adapted for fwimming. Under this genus the auth. r comprehends the cajlor-kind, the flat tailed, and round tailed, or common water rat. Linnai, Syf- tem natur. p. 39. See Fiber.

The beaver,diftinaively fo called,has two verydifferentfortsof hair,theone very foft and fine,the other long arid thick ; the firft ferves to defend the creature from the cold, the other to receive the mire in which it often wallows, and to prevent its getting to the (kin. The teeth of this creature are formed in a very particular manner, and are extremely fit to cut trees, with which they build themfelves lodgings to defend them from the weather, and to breed their young in. The fore-feet are form- ed exadly like the human hand, and by this means they are able to carry their materials, and work at their habitations : the hinder feet, which are deftinedto be of ufe to them in fwim- ming, are on the contrary web'd likethofe of a goofe. The bladders in this animal deftined for receiving the medicinal fubftancecalled cajlor, are diftinft from theteftic!es,and are four large ones, placed about the lower part of the os pubis ; two of thefe Hand above the other two, but clofely joined to one an- other, the two upper being to prepare that matter, and the two other to bring it to the greater perfeaion and unauoufnefs, and render it of a ftronger (cent and deeper colour, as it is always found with this difference in thefe bags from what is in the upper ones. The lower bags, for this reafon, are of a glandular ftruflure ; and under thefe' lower bigs there is ano- ther long one full of a matter,more yellow and liquid, and feem- ing more ebborated than any of the others. This is of a dif- ferent fmell from the former, and more than any thing elfe re- femhles the yolk of an egg. It is faid that the creature ufes this liquor to get itfelf an appetite, and that it gets it out by fqueezing the bag that contains it with its paws. The peo- ple of Canada fet ginns for thefe creatures, and catch many of them that way ; and knowing how fond they are of this liquor, they always anoint the ginns with fome of it. It has been generally faid that the tefticles of this creature were fattened to the back-bone, but they are, in reality, not fo, but placed on the fides of the os pubis about the groin, and are al- together hid, not appearing at all any more than the penis, till the fkin is removed : and the penis, contrary to that of a dog, which goes from the os pubis to the navel, defcends in this ant- mal downwards to the vent of the excrements, at which hole it terminates. Mem. Acad Scienc. Castor more particularly denotes a fixed ftar, of the fecond magnitude, in the head of the firft of the twins. See Gemi- ni, Cycl.

Its latitude Northwards, for the year 1700, according to Heve- lius, was 10" 4' 23", and its longitude, of Cancer 16° 4' 14". It is alio called Rafalgeme, Apollo, Aphellan, Avtllar, and Ane'ar. Hevel. Firmam. Sobiefc. p. 287. Wolf. Lex. Math. P- 3 J 7.

Ca/lor and Pollux, in meteorology, is called by the Spaniards, San Elmo ; by the French St. Klme, St. Nicholas, St. Clare, St. Helene; by the Italians, Hermo -, by the Dutch VreeVu- uren.

When the meteor flicks to the marts, yards, &c. they conclude from the air's not having motion enough to diffipate this flame, that a profound calm is at hand : ifit flutter about, it indi- cates a ftorm. Aubin. Dia. Mar. p. 356. voc. elme'. CAST OREA, in botany, the name given byPlumiertoa trenus of plants fince called by Linnxtis duranta. ice the article Du-

RANT A.

CASTRATING , fome leaf, fheet,

unfit for fale. The word is alfo applied to the taking away particular paflages, on account of their obfeenity, too great freedom with refpea to government, &c.

Castrating is alfo ufed among gardeners, in fpeaking of me- lons and cucumbers ; where it fignifies the fame with pruning or pinching of other plants. Trev. Dia. Univ T. i.p n 96. voc. chajlrer. See Pruning and Pi\cht c, Cycl.

CASTRATION (Cycl ) — By the civil law it is made penal in phyficians and furgeons to ca/irate, even with confent of the party, who is himfelf included in the fame penalty, and his effects forfeited. Calv. Lex. Jur. p 152. The antients mention two forts of cajlratisn, viz. by exfeaion, where the tefticles were cut out ; and collifion, whereby they were only bruifed, or rubbed, but fo as to put a flop to their growth, and make them wafte and wither away ; the vein which brought them nourifbment being ruined. This latter operation is ufually performed by putting the patient in a warm 6 P. bath,

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