Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/475

 CAS

CAS

commonly laid on at two thickneffes, the fccond before the firft is dry. Neve, Build. Diet, in voc.

CASINGS, a country word for cow-dung dried, and ufed as fuel Dia.Ruft. T. i. in voc.

CASKET, in a general fenfe, a little coffer, or cabinet. See Cabinet, Sic.

CASKETS, in the fea language, are frnall ropes made of finnet, and fattened to gromets, or little rings upon the yards ; their ufe is to make faft the fail to ihc yard when it is to be furled.

£?r«y?-CASK-ETS, are thelongefi and biggeft of thefe, or thofe" in the midft of the yard, bctwix: the ties. Guitt. Gent. Diet. P. 3. invoc.

CASPARGUS, in ichthyology, a name given by Salvian, from Julian, to the fifh commonly called by authors, fparus, and by the Italians, fparo. It is diilinguifhed by Artedi hy the name of the plain yellowifh fparus, with a large annular fpot near the tail. See Sparus.

CASQUE, in natural hiftory, a name given to a kind of murex, called the helmet-fhcll. There are icveral fpecies of this {hell, and they all approach fomewhat ta a triangular figure, and are fmoother than the other murexes ; yet they have all a fort of tubercles near the Up.

CASSADA bread. See Yucca.

CASSAMUNAIR, or Cassumuniar, in medicine, an aroma- tic vegetable drug, brought from the Eaft Indies, highly valued as a nervine and ftomachic, and reputed a fpecific in epileptic and convulfive difeafes a. It is fuppofed by fome to be a fpe- cies of galangal, by others of zedoary : its true name is not known, that of cajjamunair being apparently feigned to hide it : of late it has been imported by the name of bcngalle b. — [ a %uinc. Lex. Phyf. Med. p. 70. " Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 264. p. ^80. j

CASSANDRA, in natural hiftory, a name given by feveral au- thors to a very elegant fea ftiell of the concha globofa, or do- lium kind, more ufually known under the name of the lyra, or barp-fhell. It is fuppofed to be called cajftmdra, becaufe of its being found on the fhorcs of the ifland of Caftan. There are three fpecies of it. See L^ra.

CASSAON, in zoology, the name of a fmall fifti of the fhark- klnd, but lefs mifchievous, called cucuri by the Brazilians. See Cucuri.

CASSAVI, or Cassada, an American root, of whofe farina, or powder, the natives make bread, tho' its juice be rankpoifon. Some call the root manioc, others yucca ; this being ground, dried, and baked, becomes a nourishing bread, under the name of cajavi. Vid. Acoji. Nat. Hift. Ind. 1. 4. c. 17. See Yucca.

CASSIA, in botany, the name of a genus of trees, the characters of which are thefe : 'the flower is ufually compofed of five pe- tals difpofed in a circular form. The piftil which arifes from the midft of thefe finally becomes a pod, which in fome of the fpecies is rounded or cylindric, and in others flatted or com- preffed, and divided by tranfverfe partitions into many cells, which contain a pulpy matter, of a blackifh colour, in which there are lodged many hard feeds. The fpecies of cajfia enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe :

1. The common cajjia fiftula, the Alexandrine, or Levant cajfia.

2. The Brafilian cajjia. 3. The cajjia fiftula of the ifland of Java, with flefh-coloured flowers. 4- The American cajjia, with flat pods. 5. The ftinking American cajjia, with leaves like the fenna. 6. The ftinking American cajjia, with fmooth oblong leaves. 7. The ftinking American cajjia, with large hairy leaves. 8. The ftinking American cajfia, with round if h pointed leaves. 9. The ftinking American cajjia, with ob- tufe leaves. 10. The fix leaved American cajfia, with bicap- fular pods. Town. Inft. p. 6 19.

Cassia bark. The antients had two kinds of this bark; the KatJ-ia 0«f»y£, and the other the xylocaj'ta. We are fo much mif- taken about thefe words at prefent, as to fuppofe they meant two the moft different things, the one the bark of a tree, the other a fruit ; but they were only the names of the thing col- lected in a different manner. It was a cuftom with the antients to collect the barks of trees, fometimes feperate from the wood, fometimes with the wood itfelf, thus : they collected the cin- namon bark, fometimes ftripped, fometimes cut with the wood. The cajjia being thus cut fometimes with, and fometimes with- out the wood, had two names to exprefs thefe two ftates ; that with the wood was called xylocajia, and that without the wood Keuriot avfvy$. The plain tranflation of the firft word is cajfia lignea, and that of the other cajfia fijiula ; but we have at this time appropriated the cajjia jijlula to the pudding pipe tree, a tree whofe fruit is a long hollow pipe, or pod, containing a black pulp, which is a gentle cathartic. Thus we have loft the original fenfe of the term ; it is neceffary to obferve, how- ever, in reading the antients, that they do not mean what we do by cajjia jijlula, but only the cajjia bark cleared from the wood. See Xylocassia.

Cassia caryophyllata. See Caryophyllus aromaticus.

Cassia mcllis, denotes a kind of extract of caffia ufed for glyfters. having honey mixt with it to make it keep. Cajl. Lex. Med. p. 140.

Cassia is alfo ufed by the antients for aroma. See Aroma.

Cassi a jlah, in the glafs trade, is that iron with a piece of wood placed on it, on which they lay the glafs after they have taken it

off the pipes, and on which they turn the glafs, to faften the pontee to it. Neri, Art of Glafs, Appendix.

CASSIANI, a feet in the civil law, who adhered to the fyftem and interpretations of Caflius, a celebrated lawyer, in oppo^ fition to thofe of Proculus, whofe adherents were denominated proculiani. The divifion took its rife from Q^ Tubero, who having two difciples, Ateius Capito, and Antiftius Labeo, rhe former adhered rtrictly to the precepts of his nufter, and the interpretations of the antient lawyers ; while the latter, trufting to his own judgment, took the liberty to vary, and innovate. By fuch means a kind of fchifra was made in thefcience of the law ; which was carried ftill farther by the difciples of the two leaders, viz. Maflurius Sabinus, who feconded Ateius, and Nerva, Labeo ; the fucceffors of thefe were Caflius and Pro- culus, under whom the two parties aflumed the denomina- tions of Cajjiani and Proculiani ; as they afterwards did thofe ol Sabimani, and Pegajiani, under Ccelius Sabinus, who fuc- ceeded Caflius, and Pegafus, Proculus. Vid. G; at/in. Orig. jur. civ. 1. r. p. 83. ap. Giorn. de Lett, d' Ital. T. b. p. 25. Cah. Lex. Jur. p. 151.

C ASSI ANISM. is fometimes ufed for the herefy of Semipelagia- nijm. Act. Erud. Lipf. an. 1690. p. 528. See SeMipi;la-

GIANISM, Cycl.

CASSIDA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the cha- racters of which are thefe : the flower confifts of one leaf, and is of the labiated kind ; the upper lip refembles a helmet with two ears, and the lower is divided into two fegrrients. The upper part of the flower-cup is crefted, and from the bafe of it there arifes a piftil, which is fixed in the manner of a nail to the lower part of the flower. This is furrounded by four embryo's which afterwards become (o many feeds, of an oblong form, enclofed in a capful e, which was the cup of the flower ; this capfule alfo reprefents very exactly a hea4 armed with a hel- met, the upper part of it very well rcfembling the creft of the helmet, and the lower that part of it which receives the chin. The fpecies of cajjida enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe : I. The cajjida of Columna, called fcutellaria, and lamium ex- oticum by others. ?. The whitifh flowered cajjida. 3. The large-flowered procumbent Alpine cajjida. 4. The tall Ame- rican cajjida. 5. The common blue-flowered water cajjida. 6. The common white-flowered water cajjida. 7-Thefmaller water cajjida, with red flowers. 8. The mallow-leaved Ame- rican cajjida. 9. The procumbent Alpine cajjida, with a very large whitifh flower. 10. The balm-leaved cajjida. And, ir. The low American origanum-leaved cajjida. Town. Inft. p. 182.

CASSIDARIUS, in the antient armories, he who had the care and cuftody of the cajjida, or helmets. Pitijc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. P- 37 1 :

Spon gives an antient infeription found at Rome, on a tomb erected to a cajfidariw of the emperor Domitian-

CASSIDONY, a name given by the Italians and Germans to a fort of beads m;.de of the yellow and red chalcedony, ■ a very beautiful ftone, or of an agate fomething refembling it in co- lour. They alfo call the ftones themfelves by this name ; but are by no means determinate in what they mean by the word, not reftraining it to any one peculiar fpecies. Hill's Hift. of Fofi'. p. 466.

CASSILI, in natural hiftory, a name given by the inhabitants of the Philippine iflands to a fpecies of water raven, called alfo

CASSINE, in the military language, is a farm-houfe, where a number of foldiers have pofted themfelves, in order to make a ftand againft the approaches of an enemy. CASSIOPEIA (Cycl.) is otherwife denominated cathedra, ?m- lier jedh, filiquajlrwn, jella, folium, jedes regalis, and tbronus; by the Arabs, cams, or cerra, and by the Hebrews, abenczzam. Schiller, in lieu of caffwpeia, reprefents St. Mary Magdalen ; HarfdorfF, Bathfheba ; and Weigelius, the cornucopia. Wof. Lex. Math. p. 316. CASSIS, in antiquity, a plated, or metalline helmet, different

from the galea, which was of leather. Cassis lavis, the fmooth hchnet jhcll, a name given by Rumphius, though very improperly, to the genus of fhells called dolia and conchse globofa; ; thefe have no alliance at all with the helmet fhells, and what makes the name ftill the worfe is, that caffis itfelf is not a generical name, though ufually fo underftood,'all the caflides or helmet fhells being only a peculiar kind of mu- rex, as the figure of their mouths, and their rudiments of fpines or protuberances evidently make appear. See Murex, CASSITERIA, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus or cry- ftals. The word is derived from the Greek *tavirtp&; tin ; and exprefles cryftals which are influenced in their figures by an admixture of the particles of that metal. See Tab. of Foflils, Clafs 3.

Thefe are all pyramidal, without columns, and compofed on- ly of four fides or planes. C )f this genus there are only two known fpecies. 1. A whitifh, pellucid one : this is not very common in large fpecimens, but in very fmall ones is frequent in the mines of Devonfhire and Cornwall. And, 2. Abrown one : this is very well known in Cornwall, and other places where there are tin mines ; and contains a great deal of that metal. Its natural colour is a deep brown, but where there is iron in the neiehbourhood is often found tinged redifh.

CASSO-