Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/472

 GAR

CARRYING, in falconry, fignifics a hawk's flying away with the quarry.

Carrying \s one of the ill qualities of a hawk, which fhc ac- quires either by a Jiflike of the falconer, or not being 1'uflki- ently broke to the lure. Cox, Gent. Recr. P. 2. .p. 15. 'See Lure.

Carrving, among fidiiig-mafters. A horfe is faid to carry low, when, having naturally an ill-fhaped neck, he lowers his head too much. Allliorfes that arm themlelves earn low, but a horfe may carry low without arming. A French branch, or a gigot is prefcribed as a remedy againft carrying low. A horfe is faiil to carry well, when his neck is raifed, or arched, and he holds his head high and firm, without conftraint. Guiil. Gent. Di£f. P. 1. in voc.

Carrying, amdng hiinffmeh. When a hare runs on rotten ground for even fometimes in a froft) and it flicks to her feet, they fay She carries. Cox, Gent. Recr. P. 1. p. 17.

Carrvi'ng wind, a term ufed by our dealers in horfes fo exprefs filch a one as frequently tones his nofe as high as his ears, and does not carry liandfom'ely. This is called carrying wind ; and the difference between carrying in the wind, and beating upon the hand, Is this : that the horfe who beats upon the hand, (hakes the bridle and refills it, while he fhakes his head ; but the horfe that carries in the wind puts up his head without fhak- ing, and fometimes teats upon the hand. The oppofite fo carrying in the wind, is arming and carrying low ; and even between thefe two there is a difference in wind.

CAR f, a vehicle mounted on two wheels, drawn by one or rnore horfes, ufed for the carriage of various forts of heavy things.

The word feems formed from the French cha'reite, which fig- nifies the fame; or rather the Latin ca>rcta, a diminutive of carrm. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p 1677. voc. cbarrette. Sa- var. Difi. Comm T. 1. p. 688. SeeCARR. A cart differs from a wain in that the former is drawn by horfes, and has two fides called iritis ; whereas a wain is drawn by oxen, and has a wain cope.

The parts and apparatus belonging to a ca r i are, the trill hooks, and back band, which hold the fides of the cart up to the horfe ; the belly band, palling from one fide, under the horfe's belly, to the other ; the cari rcicrs, being the two rails on the top of the cart a ; cart /laves, thofethat hold the cart and the raers together ; cart body, all that part where the loading is laid for carriage, called, in Suffex, the buck, q. d. belly of the cart b ; cart ladders, the crocked pieces fet ovef the wheels to keep hay and draw loaden off them ; cari /addle, the leathern or wooden panncl laid on the fillar horfe ; the pats, the un- der pieces which keep the bottom of the cart together ; a tri- gat, a pole to ftop the wheel of a cart, when it goes too faff down a fteep place =. — [" Dift. Ruft. T. I. in voc. b Kenn. Gloff. ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. « Di&. Ruft. T. I. in voc. cart.]

Criminals are drawn to execution in a cart. Bawds, and other malefactors, are whipped at the carts tail. Ry the laws of the city, carr-rhen are forbid to fide, either on their carts, or horfes. They are to lead, or drive them on foot, through the ftreets, on the forfeiture of forty millings. Stat. I. Geo. I.e. 57 Seel 8. Abr. T. 5. p. 86. 8vo.

Scripture makes mention of a fort of carts, or drags, ufed by the Jews, to do the office of threming. They were fupported on low thick wheels, bound with iron, which were rolled up and down on the (heaves, to break them, and force out the corn". Something of the like kind alfo obtained among the Romans, under the denomination of fhujira, of which Virgil makes mention b.

Tardaauc Eleujirtte matris volvcntia plan/Ira,

Tribulaque, traheasq c

On which Servius obferves, that trahea denotes a cari without wheels, and trilula a fort of cat t armed on all fides with teeth, ufed chiefly in Africa, for threming corn. The Septuagint and St. Jerome reprefent thefe carts as furniflied with faws, in regard their furface was befet with teeth. David, having taken Rabbah, the capital of the Ammonites, ordered all the inhabi- tants to be cfiifhed to pieces under fuch carts, moving on wheels fet with iron teeth ; and the king of Damafcus is faid to have treated the Ifraelites of the land of Gilead, in thefame manner '.— [' Hicron. Comm. ad.Efai. c. 25. Calm. D\& Bibl. T. 1. p. 366. i-Georg. I. '2 Sam. c. 12. v 31 Amos. c. 1. v. 3. Calm Diet. Bibl. T.'i. p. 366,]

CARTEL (Cyd.) originally fignifics a placart, or manifeflo in writing, polled in public places to notify its contents. The word comes from the Italian cartelh, or Latin cartelhis which fignifies the fame ; formed by diminution of charta pa- per Du Cange, Glofii Lat. T. 1. p. 861. voc. cart'cllus. Crulc. Vocab. T. 2. p. 2q6. Voc. cariello. The ufe of cartels, or challenges to fight, is very antient, there being divers inftances of them in Homer, Virgil, and other Greek and Latin poets ». Rymer gives the cartel which Ed- ward Illient to Philip deValois, challenging him either to fight him, body to body, or an hundred men againft an hundred or army to army, within ten days, before the gates of Tour-

7 -irJ cT 1 ? r Dia - Univ - 7- v p - ^ * *» £5.

i. 5. Bibl. Choif. T. 23. p. 27i,feq.J

CAR

Cartel alfo denotes a treaty or agreement between two princes or generals, relating to the exchange ofprilbncrs each have taken in war. Fajch. Ing. Lex. p. 154. There are alfo cartels fettled between' princes in time of war for what relates to commerce, that it may be carried on with- out interruption, notwithftanding other hoftilities.

Cartel alfo denotes a meafure of capacity for corn, 'ufed in divers parts of France, being of different values from -oto c3 pounds. Sav. Die! Comm. Supp. p., 32 feo

CARTHAMUS, Bajlarcl Saffron, in botany, the nax.e of a ge- nus of plants, the chara£ters of which are thefe : the flower is of the flofculous kind, and is compos'd of numerous fmall nolculcs, divided into many fegments at their ends, and (land- ing on the embryo (eeds, contain'd in afiraly and foliaceous cup. I he embryos finally ripen into feeds which are not winged with down. The fpecies of cartbamus enumerated bv Mr Tourncfort, are thefe, i.The cartbamus of the (hops', with faffron-coloured flowers; and, 2. The wthamus of the (hops, with white flowers. Tourn. Lift. p. 457 Cdribamus feeds are faid to be emetic and cathartic, but at prefent they are very little ufed. Its dowers are fometimes uled in medicine, but their chief ufe is in dvin»

CARTHUSIAN (Cyd) -The word is fonnedlrorn Carthu- Jianus or Carthujunfh, a denomination given them in Latin from a village ,n Dauphiny called Cbartreufo, in Latin Car' tujmm, Laturcmm, as lome fay, where the firll monaftry of this kind was erected. Hence the French ftill call the religious of this order Cbarircu, and their convents Cbartrcfcs. An an. pellation which appears alfo to have formerly obtained in En- land ; whence the name of .'that celebrated hofpital, or rather college, in London the Chdrter-hoafe, by corruption from Umrtreufe. DiS. Trev. in voc. .

The Carthufum habit is all White within', their fcapular being joined in the fides by two pieces of the fame fluff. Their prior and procurator, who may go abroad upon [he neceifiiry affairs of the houfe appear in a black cloak down to the ground, and a black hood over the white one; the hood not round but tapering to a point. Stn. Suppl. to Dugd. Monaft T 1 P- 239.

Carthusian fowdir, Poudre des Cbartrax. See Kermes mineral.

C ^ RT d L r A ^ E ^r AMrt ' 7 ^ !s SWtiffl or pearl co- loured fubftance,wh,ch covers the extremities of bones joined together by moveable articulations, increafes the volume of vXvfr/'T T the ™™" of epiphyfes, unites others very clofely together, and has no immediate adhefion or con- neflion with others. The fubftance of cartilages is more ten- der, mi lefs brittle, than that of bones; but with a<rc they fometimes grow fo hard as to become perfeaiy bony° The cartilages which belong to the bones differ from each other in iize, figure fituation, and ufe, and may all be ranked under two general heads : thofe which are clofely united to bones and thofe which are not immediately conneded with them i he cartilages united to bones are of four kinds ; fome cover both fides of the moveable articulations, and are very fmooth and fhppery ; fome unite the bones to each other, either fo firmly as to allow no fcnfible motion, as in the fymphifis of the olla pubis, and ftill more in that by which the epiphyfes are joined to the bones ; or in fuch manner as to allow of dif- ferenhmotions, as in thofe by which the bodies of the vertebra* are connected. The firil eafily grow hard, but the others appear In fome degree vifcid, and retain their flexibility Some mcreafe the fizc and extent of bones, as the cartila- ginous portions of almoft all the true ribs : thefe are articu- lated with bones ; others with cartilages, as the feptum narium ; others ftrve only for borders, as thofe of the balis of the (ca-, pula, and of the crifla of the os ilium, the fupcrcilia of cavi- ties, and thofe ot the fpinal and tranfyerfe procefles of the ver- tebra;. Some, in fine, have a lingular form, as thofe of the cats, and moil of thofe of the nofe ; in which laft, their ela- ft.city appears moll fenfibly. The cartilages belonging to the fecond general clafs, or thofe not immediately joined w bones, are for the moll part placed in the moveable joints; and thefe may likewife be (undivided into fcveral kinds! Some lie alto- gether loofe, being neither joined to the articulated bones, nor to the cartilages which cover them, but Aide freely between them in different direaions ; as thofe which are placed in the articulation of the tibia with the os femoris ; in that of the lower jaw with the ofla temporum j and in that of the clavicle with the fternum. Thofe between the clavicle and acrcmium and between the firll and fecond vertebra; of the neck are of the fame kind. Some are partly joined to other cartilages, and partly Aide between the cartilaginous extremities of the arti- culated hones, as the cartilage at the lower extremity of the radius. There may alfo be reckoned among the cartila.es, tho not fo properly, feveral of the fmall fefamoide bonen which remain long cartilaginous; and alfo the cartilaginous portions of tendons, which do the fame office with the fefa- moide bones. HinJlow'sAnzt. p 112

It is commonly held, that all bones in their original were oh- ly cartilage,, and arrived at the hardnefs of bones by a gradual induration. CaJI. Lex. Med. p., 39. See Bone * Hence it is, that in (ome cafes the cartilages themfelves have

becri