Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/471

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the vefTels they fend to Brafd and the Eaft-Indies; being very large, round built,and fitted for fight, as we]] as burthen. Their capacity lies in their depth, which is very extraordinary. They are narrower above than underneath, and have fometimes fe- ven or eight floors ; they carry about 2000 ton, and are capa- ble of lodging 2000 men; but of late they are but little ufed. Formerly they were alfo in ufe among the knights of Rhodes, as well as among the Genocfe, and other Italians. Vid. Du Cange, GlofT. Lat. T. i, p. 171. rfguin.hex. Milit. T. 1. p. 171. Vccab. Crufc. T. 2. p 2S7.

It is a cuftom among the Portuguefe, when the carracs return from India, not to briiig any boat or floopforthe ferviceof the (hip, beyond the iiland of St. Helena ; at which place they fink them on purpofe, in order to take from the crew all hopes or pofiib'dity of Caving themfelves, in cafe the velTeJ be thrown away. Aubin. Dicf. Mar. n. 171. CARRAGO, in antiquity, a kind of fortification, or defence about a camp, compofed of carts, waggons, and the like vehicles, chained or fattened together; chiefly ufed by the barbarous nations. Vid. Voget. 1. 3. c. 10. Stcwccb. ad eund. ibid. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. i. p. B6$.- CARRARA warble, among our artificers, the name of a fpecies of white marble, which was called marmor I.unenfe, and Li- guftrium by the antients : it is diftinguiihed from the Pa- I rian, now called the ftatuary marble, by being harder and ' lefs bright. See the article Lunensb marmor. CARRAT (Cycl ) — The carrat by which jewellers eftimate ! the weight of diamonds and pearls, is about t 30 of a troy ' ounce. Jeffreys on diamonds. Hence the carrat is about 3 \ grains troy.

Carrots are divided into halves, quarters, or grains ; and far- | ther, into eighths, fixteenths, and thirty-two parts. Id. ibid. | CARRIAGE {Cycl.) fignifies the removal of goods, or other things, from one place to another, efpeciaUy with a carr 1 or cart. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 034. voc. cba- ■ riage. Carriage alfo denotes the money or hire paid to a carrier, or other bearer of goods.

The carriage of letters is called pojiagc. See Post, Cycl. Carriage by fea, is denominated freight. See the article :

Fraigkt, Cycl. Bill o/"Carjuage, lettre ch vniture, among the French, denotes a paper given to a carrier, expreffing the quantity and qua- \ lity of the goods and parcels committed to him, partly to entitle him to receive his hire from the perfon to whom they are directed, and partly that this letter may fhew whe- ther all be brought, and whether in due time, and in the i condition required, Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 2. p. 1935. j voc. voiture. Carriage of a cannon, confifts of the cheeks, the tranfurns, I the bolts, the plates, the train, the bands, the keys and locks, the bridge, the bed, the hooks, the trunion holes, and the cap fquare. Guitt. Gent. Diet. P. 2. in voc. The carriages fur mortars are low, with four wheels, each of one piece, exactly like the fea carriage?. Milit. Diit. in voc.

The parts of a fea carriage are the two cheeks, the axle- trees, bolts, cap-fquares, hooks, forelocks, trucks, linfpins. Mamv. Sea Diit. p. 21. i^/c^-CARRiAGE is a cart made on purpofe for carrying of mor- tars, and their beds, from one place to another. Tt^'-Carriages are two fliort planks of wood, fupported on two axle-trees, having four trucks, or wheels, of fohd wood, about a foot and a half, or two foot diameter, for carrying mortars or guns upon battery, when their own A carriages cannot go ; and are drawn by men. Guill. Gent, DicL P. 2. in voc. carriage. Carriage is alfo ufed to denote a fpace of ground, over which the inhabitants of New France, and other colonics of North America, who trade with the favages ufually by means of canoes, are obliged to carry their boats and proviuons, &C.011 their moulders. This they are forced to when they come to places in lakes or rivers, covered with willows, or ether- wife rendered impracticable to pafs by water, till they meet with fome new place convenient for rcimbarking. Savar. Dicl. Comm. T. 2. p. 1 1 88. voc. portage. Carriages, (Cycl.) in agriculture, are of two kinds, the main carriage, whofe mouth is of breadth fufheient to receive the whole dream intended ; and lefler carriage arifing from fpace to fpace, out of the former. Diet. Ruff. T. t. in voc. CARRIER, he who undertakes to convey perfons, goods, papers, money, or the like, from place to place, on con- dition of a certain price, either fixed by authority or cuf- tom, or left to private agreement. Savar. Di£t. Comm.T. 2. p. 1938. voc. vsiturier.

In Holland carriers are called riutlers, becaufe they always keep the fame road, or rout ; fetting out, and arriving, at fixed hours. Id. in Supp. p. 1 1 80. voc. routier. Carrier pidgeon, a fort of pidgeon ufed, when properly trained up, to be fent with letters from one place to another. It is larger in fize than moft of the other kinds. Its length from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail being often fif- teen inches ; but its greateft weight not twenty ounces. It flefli is firm, and its feathers clofe ; it is tang-necked, and of

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a better fliap'e than moft other pidgeons. The upper chap of the bill is half covered from the head with a white or blackiffi tuberous furfuraceous nefh, which projects or hang* over both its fides, on the upper part neareft the head, and ends in a point about the middle of the bill. This is called the wattle. The eyes are furrounded with the fame fort of corrugated flefli for the breadth of a milling, and their iris is red. Their beak is long, ftrait, and thick ; their wattle generally broad a- crofs the beak, fliort from the head toward the point, and tilt- ing forward from the head ; and the head narrow, long, and flat; the neck very long and thin, and the breaft broad; the feather is chiefly black or dun, though there are blues, whites, and pieds.

It has its name from its remarkable fagacity in carrying a let- ter from one place to another : though you carry them hood- winked, twenty or thirty, nay fixty pr an hundred miles, they will find their way, in a very little time, to the place where they were bred. They are trained to this fervice in Xurky and Perfia, and are carried firft, while young, fliort flight* of half a mile, afterwards more, till at length "they . ill return. from the farther? part of the kingdom. Every baf&aw ha, a bafket of thefe pidgeons, bred at the feraglio, which, upon any emergent occafions, as an infurre&ion, or the like, 'he dif- patcnes with letters, braced under their wings to the feraglio, which proves a more fpeedy method, as well as a fafer, than" any other, only fending out more than one, for fear of acci- dents. Lightow affUres us, that one of thefe birds, will carry a letter from Babylon to Aleppo, which is thirty days journey, in forty eight hours- This is alfo a very antient practice ; Hirtius and Brutais, at the fiege of IvXodena, held a correfpon- dence with one another by means of pidgeons, And Ovid tells us, that Taurofihenes, by a pidgeon itained with purple, gave notice to his father of his victory at the Oh mpic games, fending it to him at JEgina.. Moor's Columbarium, P- 28. CARROBALXSTA, in the antiont military art, denotes a fpe- cies of bahfta mounted on wheels, and drawn by horfes ; by which it differed from the manubalijra, which being letter and lighter was thrown by the hand. VegetA. 1. c.i^. Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. 1. p. 1 72. See Balista, Cycl. and Sufpi. CARROCIUM,or Carroce >um, in middle age writers, de- notes the banner, or chief flag of an army, which was mount- ed on a kind of chariot, and drawn by oxen, Aquin. Lex Milit. T. 1. p. 172. See Banner. CARROT. See the article Daucus.

CARUtCA, in Entjquity, a fplendid kind of'carr, or chariot, mounted on four wheels, richly decorated with gold, filver, ivory, &c. in Which the emperors, fenators, and people of* condition, wet e carried. Vid. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 369. Aquin. Lex, Milk. T. j p. 173.

The word comes from the Latin carrus, or Britifh carr, which is (till the Irifli name for any wheel carriage. Kenn. GlofT. ad I Paroch. Antiq. in voc. caruca.

Carruca or Caruca is alio ufed in middle age writers for a plough. Vid. Du Cange, GlofT Lat. T. r. p. 858. Kenn. Glofl" ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. carina. See Plough. Carp uca w?s alfo fometimes ufed for carrucata. . Kenn Paroch.

Antiq. p. 8*. ejufd. GlofT ad eund. See Carrucate. CARRUCAGE, carucagium, a kind of tax antientlv im- pofed on every plough, for the public fervice. Kenn, Gioff, ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. carucata. See Carucate, Suppl. and Hid age, Cycl. Carrucage, Cabuc.age, or Caruage, mhufbandry, de- notes the ploughing of ground, either ordinary, as ior grain, hemp, and flax; or extraordinary, as for woad, dyers weed, rape, and the like. Diet. Ruft. T. t. in. voc. CARRUCATE, carucata, in our antient laws and hiftory, de- notes a plough-land, or as much arable ground as can be tilled in one year, with one plough. See Plough. In doomfday inquifition the arable land is cflimated in carru~ catcs, the pafture in hides, and meadow in acres. See Hide, and Acre, C)d and Suppl.

Skene makes the carrucata the fame with hi Ida, or hula terra: ; Littleton the fame with fo:. Vid, Sken. de Verb. Signif. p. 36. Cow. Interpr. in. voc. carve. Terms de Ley. p. 44. See SOC. Cycl.

The carrucata terras, in the reign of Richard I. was efli mated at 6c acres 1 ; though in another charter of the fame reign, the tarrucate is rated at an hundred acres. Fleta, who lived under Edward I. allows nine fcore acres to a comitate, viz. fixty for winter tillage, fixty for fpring tillage, and fixty for fallowing. He adds, that if the land lay in two fields, eight fcore of it made a carrucate, one half of it for tillage, the other for fal- low b. — p Dugd. Monad. T. 2. p. 107. b Flet. 1. 2. c. 72. §■4]

The meafureof a carrucate appears to have differed in refpedt of place, as well as time. 'I hus, in the 23 d of Edward ill. a carrucate of land in Burcefter contained 112 acres, and in Middleton 15c acres. Kenn. Paroch Antiq. p 471. Ejufd. Glofl". ad eund. Du Conge, Gloff. Lat T. 1. p. H59. By a ftatute under W illiam III. for charging perfons to the re- pair of the highways, a plough-land is rated at 50 pounds per annum, and may contain houfes, mills, wood, pafture, &q. Stat. 7 and 8. Will. III.

CARRY-