Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/47

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handmaids of the antient clergy, otherwife called fubintro- duSia, and 2m(yaxl«(, The third canon of the council of Nice is entitled de fubintroduStis, i. e. adoptivis fororibus. Obferv. Halenf. T. 6. p. 244. Du Catige, Glofl*. Lat. T. 1. p. 66.

Adoptive arms, are thofe which a perfon enjoys, by the gift or conceflion of another arid to which he was not otherwife entitled.

Thefe are otherwife called arms of adoption ; and by this ftand contradiffinguifhed from amis of alliance, which the bearers, as general heirs, may carry, or not carry, at plea- sure : whereas arms of adoption are indifpenfably required by the adopter to be marfhalled with the perfon's own, as a con- dition of fome honour, or eftate left him, Nifbet oii Herald. c. 8- p- 1 12.

Adoptive is alfo ufed to exprefs a thing borrowed or taken from another. In which fenfe, we fometimes meet with adoptive hair, by way of oppofition to natural hair; and adoptive gods, by way of contradiftindtion to domeftic ones.

Clemens Alcxandrinus makes ufe of an odd argument againft the lawfulnefs of adoptive hair, viz. that it prevents the prieft's benediction, by laying his hands on the head, from taking effect: on the proper fubjedt, the bleffing, in this cafe, being tranfmitted to him to whom the hair naturally belonged. Jour, des Scav. T. 60. p. 523.

The Romans, notwithstanding the number of their domeftic, had their adoptive gods, taken chiefly from the Egyp- tians : fuch were Ihs, Ofiris, Anubis, Apis, Harpocrates, and Ganopus. Many private perfons, on their own authority, creeled temples to thefe, which were afterwards demolifhcd by order of the fenate ; and being reftored at the felicitation of the augurs, were again demolished, and again reftored by Auguftus. Mem. de Trev, 1706. p. 1^47-

ADORATION, (Cycl.)— The Romans practifed Adoration at facrifices, and other Solemnities ; in paffmg by temples, al- tars, groves, &c. at the fight of Statues, images, or the like, whether of ftone or wood, wherein any thing of divinity was fuppoftd to refide. Ufually there were images of the gods placed at the gates of cities, for thofe who went in, or out, to pay their refped/ts to. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 29. feq. Turneb. Adverf. 1. 18. c. 6. Muret. Var. Ledt. 1. 10. c. r. Kipping. Antiq. Rom. 1. 1. c. 9. §. 5. Safmntb. ad Pancirol.

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In the fymbols of Pythagoras, Adoration is enjoined to be performed in a fitting pofture, genuflexion being then un- known. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 39. p. 294. The ceremony of Adoration among the antient Romans was thus ; the devotee having his head covered, applied his right hand to his lips, the fore-finger refting on the thumb, which was creel:, and thus bowing his head, turned himfelf round from left to right a. The kifs thus given was called ofatlum labratum : for ordinarily they were afraid to touch the images of their gods themfelves with their profane lips. Sometimes, however, they would kifs their feet, or even knees, it being held an incivility to touch their mouths : fo that the affair palled at fume diflance. Others pretend, that they firft .Stretched out the hand, and afterwards drew it back to their lips ; but it rather appears, that the Contrary order was ob- ferved b. Saturn, however, and Hercules, were adored with the head bare ; whence the worfhip of the laft was called inflitutum peregrinum, and ritus Gracan'icus, as departing from the cuftomary Roman method, which was to facrifice and adore, with the face veiled, and the cloths drawn up to the ears, to prevent any interruption in the ceremony, by the fight of unlucky objects c. — [* Salmaf. Exerc. ad Solin. p. 936. b Pitifc. loo cit. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 28. c. 2. Jpul. Apol. p. 496. Lipf. ElecT:. n. 6. c Hofm. Lex. Univ. T. 1. p. 63. Danet. Lex. Ant. invoc. Piut. Queft. Rom. 11. & 13. Serv. ad 3 ./Eneid. v.407.] Sometimes alfo proftration, or falling on the face, and fome- times kneeling, were pra£lifed ; fometimes they turned to- wards the fun, and fometimes to the eaft. V. A£t. Erud. Lipf. ann. 1694. p. 331.

Other circumftances of Adoration were the putting crowns, garlands, and the like, on the ftatues or images adored; fitting down by them, praying them, in foft trembling mur- murs, to be favourable, faveas mxhi.

The Gauls, inftead of turning about to the right hand, after the Roman manner, thought it more religious to turn to the left. Plin. Hift. Nat. T. 2. 1- 28. c. 2. p. 444. Salmaf. Exerc. ad Solin. p. 236.

Thejewifh manner of Adoration Was by proftration, bowing, and kneeling d. Pinchon has a difcourfe exprefs on the form of the Jewifh Adoration c. The Chriftians adopted the Grecian rather than the Roman method, and adored always uncovered. The ordinary pofture of the antient Chriftians was kneeling f , but on Sundays, Standing. In this they' conformed to the hea- thens, that a peculiar regard was had to the Eaft, to which point they ordinarily directed their prayers j which occafioned a be- lief among the heathens, as if they adored the fun. Some- thing of this ufage is ftill retained, as appears by the pofition of our churches. A late author has difcovered an error of the builders m this refpe&i many of our antient churches

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being found to vary feveral degrees from the true fH and Weft t.—p Mem de Trev. an. 1705. p. 530. = Pinchon deform. Adorat. Ind. 'Bibl. Anc. Mod. T 4 p 27 Nat. Hift. of Stafford, c. 9. §.55. p. 362. feq j

b Plot Adoration is more particularly ufed" for'the act of praying, or preferring our requefts, or thankfgivings to God. Brouer a Nyedek has a dificrtation exprefs on antient and mo- dern Adorations. De Populorum Veter. ac Recent. Adora- tionib. Amft. 1713. 8vo. Extracts of it are given in Journ. des Scav. T. 54. p. 425. feq. & Act. Efud. Lipf. fup. 6. p. 80. feq. Mem. de Trev. 1715. p. 207. Adoration is alfo ufed for certain extraordinary civil ho- nours, or refpefls, which refemble thofe paid to the deity, yet are given to men. Calm. Diet. T. I. p. 51. Trev. Diet. Univ. Mem. de Trev. an. 1706. p. 1030. We read of Adorations paid to kings, princes, emperors, popes, bifhops, abbots, &c. Adorations paid to the purple, to the perfon. Adoration by kneeling, by falling proftrate, kifiing feet, hand, garment, &c.

The Perfian manner of Adoration^ introduced by Cyrus, was by bending the knee, and falling on the face at the prince's Feet, ftriking the earth with the forehead, and kifling the ground. This ceremony, which the Greeks called n-jsraiiiuj Conon refufed to perform to Artaxcrxes, and Califthenes to Alexander the great, as reputing it impious and un- lawful.

The Adoration performed to the Roman and Grecian empe- rors, confifted in bowing, or kneeling at the prince's feet, laying hold of his purple robe, and prefently withdrawing the hand, and clapping it to the lips. Some attribute the origin of this practice to Conftantius. It Was only perfons of fome rank or dignity that were entitled to the honour. Bare kneel- ing before the emperor to deliver a petition, was alfo called Adoration. V. Hofm. Lex. Univ. T. 1. p. 63. Pitifc. Lex. Antiq. T. 1. p. 29. feq. Cah. Lex. Jur. p. 43. Brif de Verb. Signif. p. 21. feq. and the authoiities there cited.

The praflice of Adoration may be faid to be ftill fubfifting in England, in the ceremony of killing the king's, or queen's hand, and in ferving them at table, both being performed kneeling. Adoration is more particularly ufed for kifling one's hand in prefence of another, as a token of reverence. Hill. Acad. Infer. T. 2. p. 104.

The Jews adored by killing their hands, and bowing down their heads ; whence in their language kiffmg is properly ufed for Adoration. Calm. Diet. Bibl. Adoration is alfo ufed among Roman writers, for a high fpecies of applaufe given to perfons, who had fpoken or per- formed well in public. See Acclamation. We meet with Adoration paid to orators, actors, muhcians, &c. The method of exprefling it was, by rifing, putting both hands to their mouth, and then returning them towards the perfon intended to be honoured. Hift. Acad, des Infer. T. 1. p. 142. Adoration is alfo ufed in the court of Rome, for the cere- mony of kifling the pope's feet. Jour, des Scav. T. 73. P' 37?-

The introduction of Adoration among the Romans is afcribed to the low flattery of Vitellius, who upoU the return of C. Cffifar from Syria, would not approach him otherwife than with his head covered, turning himfeif round, and then falling on his face. Heliogabalus reftored the practice, and Alexan- der Sevens again prohibited it. Diocletian redemanded it, and it was, in fome meafure, continued under the fucceeding princes, even after the cftablilhment of Chtiftianity, as Con- ftantine, Conftantius, &c. It is particularly faid of Diocle- tian, that he had gems fattened to his fhocs, that divine ho- nours might be more willingly paid him, by kifling his feet. The like ufage was afterwards adopted by the popes, and is obferved to this day. Thefe prelates finding a vehement difpofltion in the people to fall down before them, and kifs their feet, procured crucifixes to be faftened on their flippers j by which ftratagem, the Adoration intended for the pope's perfon, is fuppofed to be transferred to Chrift. LVvers acts of this Adoration we find offered even by princes to the pope. V. Baldwin, de Calceo, c. 27. Oeuvr. des Scav. Oct. 1700. p. 471.

Proteftant authors have not failed to take occafioh, from this ceremony, of charging the popes with excefiive pride, and even impiety, as if they laid claim to divine honours. Yet we are told, that in the antient church the fame cere- mony was practifed to all bifhops ; people kifled their feet, and faluted them with the phrafe ire^xou <7e, / adore thee b. Roman catholics, in their turn, have brought the like impu- tation on fome of their oppofers. One of the articles againft Varennes, that fcourge of the tyranny, and concubinage of the clergy, was, that he made himfelf be adored as a god c. — [ * Heidcg. in Apoc. Proph. de Babvl. difl". 10. p. 442. feq. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 10. p. 636.' " File/an. ap. Du Pin, Bibl. Ecclef. T. 17. p. 117. ' Bibl. Germ. T. 4. p. 156.] Adoration is alfo particularly ufed for the ceremony of own* ing, or paying homage to a new elected pope.

Adoration