Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/467

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penetrates fomewhat deeper, ftronger remedies take place, fuch as powder of euphorbium, or its eflence,made in well rectified fpirit of wine; or oil of cloves, cinnamon, or guaiacum ; ei- ther of thefe may be touched on with a pencil, or laid upon dry lint, and applied : fome alfo ufe the corrofive me- dicines, the phagadenk water, and fpirit of vitriol, or of fulphur; and, in the place of thefe, a folution of quickfdver in aqua fortis may be ufed with great fuccefs. When, by thefe means, an exfoliation of the bone hjs been produced, the bufmefs is then to treat it with balfamics. A fecond method or cure for a greater degree of caries? is perforating the bone with the trepan, and drefling the part afterwards either with balfamics or with dry lint. By thefe means the exfoliation of the bone is forwarded, and new vefleJs pufii themfelves through the foraminula, which, join- ing with the neighbouring flefh, make a new covering for the bone.

The third method of cure is performed by the rafpatory, or duffel, taking oft" the corrupted or vitiated part of the bone, till all beneath appears w,hite or ruddy, and found: and the fourth, which is the moil antient, and the molt fpeedy, and cer- tain method, is by the actual cautery, burning down the viti- ated part of the bone. This method, however,is not neceflary, except in great degrees of this diforder; and in the perform- ing it great care mull be taken not to injure the neighbouring foft parts : for this reafon, an afliftantfhould always drawback the lips of the wound both ways, while this is performed; and if the opening be not wide enough, it mould be opened and enlarged by fpunge tents before, or widened by the knife, till the bone lies fair, and the part muff, be carefully wiped firir with dry lint, from the fames; and if there be any fungous flefh, that muft alfo firft be removed. One application of the cautery, when the diforder is confiderable, will feldom prove fufKcient ; it ufually requires to be repeated feveral times, at proper intervals ; and if the caries be of fuch extent that one cautery will not cover it all over, the firft muft be applied to the middle, and the fucceeding towards its edges. This ope- ration is not attended with any great pain, if care be taken not to injure the adjacent fuft parts ; for the bones are, in them- felves, free from any fenfe of pain. Where the cranium is the feat of this diforder, the cautery is attended with great hazard, as it is alfo in a caries of the ribs, or fiernum, from the neigh- bourhood of parts of the utmoft confequence to life. The car- pus and tarfus alfo will very badly admit of cauterizing,becaufc of the neighbourhood of the tendons and ligaments, which it is fcarce pofiible to avoid injuring in the operation. After cauterizing the part is to be drefled with dry lint only, or if the patient complain of great heat in the part, the lint may be dipped in fpirit of wine before it is applied; afterwards bal- famics are to be applied, till the part exfoliate, and then, if the cure be perfect, the vacuity will be foon filled with new found flefh. But if the bone remains bare, or the flefh it is covered with be foft and fpungy, and does not adhere fufficiently to the fubjacent bone, or where the bone remains difcoloured; in ei- ther of thefe cafes the cure will not fiand, but the diforder will break out again, unlefs prevented. In thefe cafes therefore, the work muft be all done over again, the fpungy fleih removed, and the aclual cautery again applied, otherwise the cure can never ftand. Heijier's Surgery, p. 204.

CARIGOI, in zoology, the name by which fome authors have defcribed a very remarkable American animal, more ufually known by the name of the opojjhm. See Opossum.

CARIGUEYA, in zoology, the Brafilian name for a very re- markable American animal, which we know by the name of theopojfiim. See Opossum. ; -

CARIMPANA, iii botany, the name of an Indian palm tree, defcribed in the hortus Malabaricus, the leaves of which, when full grown, are thirty foot long, and nine foot broad, or more, if carefully extended.

CARINA (CycL) is ufed by anatomifts to denote thefpina dor ft. Gal. de ufu Part. 1. 2. c 11. Hofm. Coram, ad Eund. ibid. n. 905. See Spina, CycL and Suppl.

Carina is alfo ufed, by fome chemifts, for the twentieth part of a drop. Rul. Lex. Alch. p. 134.

CARIOUS, the ftate of a bone putrified or rotten. See Ca- ries.

Horchius gives the hiftory of a tophus, taken out of a carious bone. Ephem. Acad. N. Cur. Dec. 2. An. 10. Obf, 167.

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CARISSIMT, in antiquity, a quality, or appellation, given by the emperors to prelidents, governors of provinces, and others. ^ Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 365.

CAR1TAS. — The poculum caritatis,ox grace cup, was an extraor- dinary allowance of wine, or other liquors, wherein the religi- ous, at feftivals, drank in commemoration of their founder and benefactors. Cartul. Abb. Graft. MS. p. 29, Jac. Law Diet, in voc.

CARK, orCARKE, a certain quantity, or meafure, of wool, equal to a thirtieth part of a farplar. Stat. 27. Hen. 6. c. 2. Cow. Interp. in voc. Term, de Ley. p. 43. b. See Sar- plar.

CARLIN, Carlike, or Caroline, a fmall filver coin, cur- rent in Naples and Sicily, equivalent to about four-pence En- glish. Savar. D\tt. Com. T. i.p. 564.

CARLINA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the cha- racters of which are thefe : the flower is nsturafly of the radiat- ed kind ; its diQc is made up of a number of flcfcides, affixed to the embryo feeds, but its outer edge or circle not of femi- flofcules, but merely of flat petals, affixed to no embryos, but contained in the fame general cup with the flofcules, which is large and prickly. The embryos finally ripen into feeds, wing- ed with down, and divided from one another by imbricated leaves. Thefpeciesoffffr//w, enumerated by Mr.Tournefort,are"thefe :

I. TJie common carline, without a ftalfc, and with large pur- ple flowers. 2. The common carline, with a large whiteflower, without a ftalk. 3. 1 he large-flowered, no-ftalked carline, with perennial roots. 4 The ftalklefs, gummiferous carline, commonly called the white chamelion thiitler 5. The italky carline, with large white flowers. 6. The ftalky carline, with large red flowers. 7. The many-headed white carline S The common wild carline. 9. The wild perennial carline, with gold-yellow flowers. 10. The Iefler Spanifh wild carline.

II. The fpreading carline, with the leaves and whole appear- ance of the atractylis. 1 2. The umbellated carline of Apulia. 13. The carline, with a fnreadir.g purplifh red flower. Town. Inft. p. 5 co.

Ca&likjb radix, in the materia medica, the name of a root kept in the fhops in fome places, and diftinguiibed into two kinds, the white and the black ; the white is the root of the common carline thiifle, which produces no ftalk, the other of the carlina caulefcens, called the black chamelion thiftle. The white carline root is of the thicknefs of one's thumb, and is often two foot long ; it is brown on the outfide, and white within, and fhould be chofen plump, firm, and well dried. It is accounted a very great medicine in peftilential difeafes. The black is a fma'ler and iborterroot than the white, and is much lefs efteemed in medicine. The plant which produces the white grows very frequent with us on hilly places, and is a very Angular plant, producing a number of fine long prickly and jagged leaves, and, in the center of them, a large purple flower, of the thiftle kind, but growing clofc to the ground ; the other- is very frequent in France, but is not met with in England. Carline is efteemed a very powerful fudorific and alexipharmic. Schroder tells us alfo,that it is good againft worms, and in drop- fies ; and that it is a powerful emrnenagogue and diuretic. Pomci's Hilt, of druggs, p 46. CARLOSTADIANS. See CAsolostadjans. CARMEN (Cycl.) was antiently a denomination given to pre- cepts, laws, prayers, imprecations, and all folemn formula?, couched in a few words, placed in a certain order, though written in profe. Vid. A. Cell. 1. 9. c. 2. Fabric, Bib]. Grec. 1. i.e. 9. §. 14. Eju.fd.Bibl. Lat. 1. 1. c. 2. ij. 7. In which fenfe it was that the elder Cato wrote a carmen de mo- ribus, which was not in verfe, but profe. Carmen fa'iare, a fet of antient verfes compofed byNuma, and fung by the Salii, accompanied with the clafhing of ancylia, or facred bucklers. Kciji. Rom. Ant. P. 2. 1. 2. c°5. p. 75. See Salii and Ancvle, CycL Carmen alfo denotes a form of prayer, or words whereby divers among the anticnts devoted themfelves. Such was that of the Decii, fpoken of by Pliny. P/in. Hift. Nat. 1. 3 8. c. 2. Pitijc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 365. CARMENIAN wml, a denomination given to a kind of goat's hair, brought from Carmenia, orCaramania, a country of Afia minor. Stat. Abr. Svo. Vol. 1. Tit. Cuftoms. S. 2C0 CARMINE feed. SeeCHOUAN.

CARNABAD1UM, in the materia medica of the antients, a name given to a drug frequently mentioned by the Greek and Arabian writers. It is properly an Arabian word which the Greeks have adopted, and given a Greek termination to, writing it K«{»iWAo.-. Guillandinifuppofesthistobethe fame with the durunegi or doronicum of the fame authors ; but nothing can be more abfurd than fuch an opinion, an examination of thefe writers themfelves {hewing that they commonly ufed it for caraway, or caruifeed, and fometimes for the /Ethiopian cummjn feed. Nicomedes, in his <dof- fary, tranflates the carrtahadion^ /Ethiopian cummin. My- repfus gives it the fame meaning, and Hierophylus, who mentions it among the feeds ufed in preferving fruits, fays that it comes from the Eaft, and that it is the fame that is called /Ethiopian cummin by others. It feems, therefore, that a great many authors ufed it as a name of this feed, and we find as many ufing it alfo for caraway feed : none, however, have ever named it as a root, which mult be al- lowed before it could rationally be fufpectcd to be doronicum, even though its virtues were as like thofe of that drug as they are different. CARNATIONS, in gardening. — Thefe flowers are propagated two ways, the one by ked, the other by layers ; the firft of thefe methods is the way to raife new flowers, the other is the way to preferve and multiply thofe of former years. For the raifing them from feed, great care muft be taken to procure good feed, and fume pots or boxes muft be filled with very frefn light earth, mixed with rotten cow-dung. The feed is to be fown not too thick on this, and a little of the fame light earth Cited over it; then the pots are to

be