Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/466

 CAR

CAR

Indies. This creature is larger than our ant, and is the com- mon food of a great many other animals, as the fquirrels, fer- pents, lizards, and a great many birds. In order to defend it- felf from fo many enemies, it enters into large com- munities, which together erect great hills of earth, of five or fix foot high. 'I he fields in feme place, arc full of thefe, and it is in vain to attempt beating them down, fince they would be immediately made up again ; the creature builds them with firm and tough clay which it wets as it ufes it, and thc_ walls or outer cafe is built fo thick and firm that fcarce any rain can hurt them. The whole fpace within is full of different com- partmcnts,to every one of which there is a particular pathway, and thefe feparate paths joining as they come near one another, make at length one great and general road to the door or gate of the city. Thefe animals are generally bufied in their cells, and never go out but at the neceflary time to fearch for food ; tin's excurfion they always make regularly at one time of the day, and fall to work on the firft corn, or other valuable plant, they find, which they gnaw off very quick, and carry into their habitation.

There is another fpecies of the carta much fmaller than this, which builds in the peoples houfes, not in the fields. In the center of the habitation of this creature there is ufually found a fort of comb, or collection of ceils, refembling a honeycomb. This infect is very particular in the covering its path near the ne&, which it does with eartryn fuch a manner that it forms a fort of pipe or tube, in which it walks to fome diftance from home. This little fpecies feeds on the leaves of the palm, and many other plants, and will fometimes eat dry ftraw or ftub- ble, gnawing the thatch on the houfes. Obfervations fur 1'Afie, p. 380.

CARIAMA^ in zoology, the name of a Brafilian bird of the fize of the heron, and, like that bird, frequenting watery places. On the top of the head it lias a high, erect, plumofe creft, of a mixt colour of black and grey ; the back is fhort, and a little bend- ing upwards ; the wings are fhort, and, when folded, reach hut a little beyond tire origin of the tail j its leg? are very long and yellow ; its general colour is grey, variegated with brown, and a flight admixture of an obfeure yellow ; the ends of the wings and tail are wholly brown, except that at the very ends they have flight variegations of a yellowilh and grey colour It makes a loud noife like the turkey, and is a very valuable and well tatted fowl, Marggrave% Hift. Brafil,

CARIBO, or M acarib, a name given by Joffelyn, in his New England Voyages, to an animal which he defcribes a fpecies of the deer kind; but later naturalifts are of opinion, that the whole account is fiction, and that there is in reality no fuch animal.

CARICA, in botany, the name by which Linnaeus calls the pa- paya of other authors. The characters of this remarkable plant are thefe ; it produces both male and female flowers ; in the male flower the cup is fcarce vifible ; the flower is monopeta- lous, and funnel-fhaped ; the tube is flender, and very long, narrow in its lower part, and at the mouth divided into five obtufe, lanceolated fegments, which are obliquely turned into a fpiral line ; the ltamina are ten filaments placed in the top of the tube of the flower ; the antherse are oblong. In the femalefiowers the cup is fmall,divided into five ferments, and remains on the fruit; the flower is compofed of five leaves,which are lanceolated, blunt at each extremity, and very long ; the piflil has an oval germen, and fcarce any ilyle ; the ftigmata are five in number : they are oblong, crenated, and truncated at their ends. The fruit is an extremely large berry, containing only one cell, but made angular by five very deep fulci ; the feeds arc numerous and oval. Linnai, Gen. PI, p. Infr. 4S3. 7 our/7, p. 441.

Ca rica, 'among the antient naturalifts, denotes a kind of fig pe- culiar to Syria; fometimes alio the dried fig b. — [ a Plin. Hilr. Nat. 1. [■;. c. q. b Id tb.l. 15.C. 19.]

Carica is alfo ufed in antient writers to denote the fruit of the palm tree, otherwife .Called cariata, which was fent annually by clients, on New Year's day, as a prefent or acknowlegment to their patrons. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 149.

CARICATURA, in painting, a loading, or exaggerating of the defects of an object rcprefented, with a concealment of the

- beauties or advantages of it ; yet fo as itill to prcferve a re- femblance. Vid, .Spectat. N" 537. T. 7. p. 244. The word is Italian, formed of cartca, a load, burden, or the like.

CARICOUS (Cyd.) — Quincy reprefents the caricous tumor as .the fame with what Hippocrates called carycoides-, which fecms to be amiflake; Ko^wkosiJej, in Hippocrates denoting an ex- crement of a bloody colour, refembling a kind of condiment or confe&ion, antiently called caryca, mude of blood, and invented by the Lydians.

CARIES {Cyd ) — There are fcveral fpecies of caries in the bones. The learned Mr. Monro mentions feven which he has feen. Thefe he diftinguifbes by the appellations of i 9, The dry or gangrenous caries ; 2°, The worm-eaten caries, or ulcer of the bones. 3% The carnous caries or ulcer of the bones with hy- perfarcofis. 4 , The phagedenic caries, with hyperfareofis. .5", I he fcropbulous caries. 6°, The fchirro-cancrous caries. 7°, 1 he fpreading cancrous caries.

He enters into a curious detail cf the feveral natures of thefe kinds of caries, and of the topical management. A fpeedy and 6

fofe feparation cf all the corrupted part is the principal indica* t'ton to be purfued. See Medic. EfT. Edinb. Vol. 5. Art. 4. Abridg. Vol. 2. p. 150, feq. Where he (hews the analogy be- tween thefe difeafes of the bones to thofe of other parts of the body. This is not furprifing, fince bones have the fame gene- ral texture, and are only difHnguifhcd from other parts by a greater (olidity or firmnefs.

A caries differs from a fpinaventofa, in that the latter begins within the fubftanceofthebone, and proceeds outward ; where- as the former begins on the furface, and proceeds inward. See Spina ventoja. Carta's arc divided into idiopathic and Cymptornatic.

Idiopathic or fifnpte Caries, is an erofion of a bone, happening without any other difeafe, commonly owing to feme external caufe, rarely to an internal one, as the afflux of humours.

Symptomatic Caries, that which oftneft happens to perfons deeply affected with fome other diforder, efpecially the fcur-vy, or venereal difeafe.

Cariss's may alfo be divided in refpect of their degree. Tho e in the firft degree, difcover a yellow fattinefs on the fur- face of the bone. In the 2d a black nefs. Jn the ^d a rough- nefs, and inequality of the bone, caufed by a multitude of fo- ramina or little holes. Jn the 4th the corruption penetrates deeper through the whole fubftance, which it feems as it were to diffolvc. Junck Confp Chir. Tab. 51. p. 318. Le Clere, Treat. Chir. DiiT c. 4. Compl. Surg p. 177. A caries is properly a diforder in which the bone, from what- ever caufe, is deprived of its periofteum, and having loft its na- tural heat and colour, becomes fatty, yellow, brown, and at length black; this is the firil and lighten degree of the difor- der, and is what, according to Celfus, the antients called as vitiatum, and the nigrities ojftum. But the greater degree of this diforder is where the bone is eroded and eaten, and becomes uneven by reafon of the number of fmall holes, of which it is full, when it difebarges a filthy fames, whofe acrimony foftens, relaxes, and deftroys the flefhy parts that grow round it. This is a true caries or ulcer of the bone, and every bone in the bo- dy is fubject to this diforder ; and though this ulcer may appear to be ever fo fafely or happily healed, yet it too often happens that after the cicatrix is formed, and has been fo for fome time, a new abfeefs will be made, the whole diforder will return a- frefh, and the acrimonious and corrupted matter which conti- nually fpews out from the carious bone, being collected within, will produce many very grievous fymptoms, and deftroy the neighbouring flefli again.

There have been many names, and many fpecies reckoned of tliis diforder, and of others that arc of kin to it ; it is called a «jrz'«, "a fpinaventofa, a fpinae yentofitas, a gangrene, and cancer of the bone by Celfus, fometimes by the Greek term teredo, and fome- times pasdarthrocaces. Some authors conffitute as many fpecies of this diforder, as there are here accounted names of it ; * but there is fo final] a difference between thefe,that it will not war- rant the making them fo many fpecies : they may very properly, however, be divided into two kinds, the one when the diforder begins in the internal part of the bone, the other when it begins on the outfide, or from an external caufe. This may be called a carie-, and that a fpinaventofa, or where it happens in chil- dren, according to Severinus, a paedarthrocaces; "There are two principal caufes of ^.caries of the bones, theone where the bone is deprived of its periofteum, by a wound, frac- ture, or other accident, and is corrupted, either by being ex- pofed to the external air, or heated with greafy dreffings ; the other where the fluids are interrupted in their circulation by any external violence, or internal caufe whatfoever, from whence inflammation and fuppuration fucceed, and the bone and periofteum fuffer, to fuch a degree that the veffeis which are fent to the part for its nourifhment and fupport, being in- flamed and corrupted, the bone is brought into confent, and quickly becomes carious : this diforder, if notquickly remedied, fpreads andcommunicates itfelfto the neighbouring parts of the bone, and makes the fame progrefs that ulcers do in the fofter parts. There are therefore feveral degrees of the caries of the bones ; the firft is when the bone is laid bare, looks greafy, and turns yellowifh : as foon as it becomes* thoroughly yellow, or brown, or black, the incipient carles then degenerates into a worfe ffate. The third degree is when the bone becomes un- even, rough, and rotten, and the greater erofion the bones have fullered, the more rough and uneven they will appear. When the cranium is perforated through both its tables, or the tibia or femur are eaten through to the marrow, this is a caries of a very bad kind; but the worff of all caries, and that in which the cafe may in.deed be almofl pronounced defperate, is that which falls upon the joints, or thofe parts of the bones that lie very deep, becaufe in this cafe there is no accefs for the hands to clean the hone, and there is no remedy but the amputating the limb.

Many methods have been attempted for the cure of a caries; the firft and mildeft is applied to the fiighteft degree of the difeafe, and is performed by the application offpirituous remedies, fuch as fpirit of wine, hungary- water, or by flight balfamics, fuch as the powder of hirthwort, florcntlne, iris, myrrh, or aloes. Either of thefe powders is to be fprinkled on the part, after the lanies has been carefully wiped away with dry lint, and this continued till the cure is perfected. . In a caries that

penetrates