Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/460

 CAP

CAP

Turks were matters of them. The Greek emperors gave the title caltano, to the governors of fome provinces, whom they fent into Italy, particularly that of Puglia Piana. This Voffius and others derive from the Latin capitasmts ; though fignior Redi chufes to deduce it by contraction from caftellano, and others from the Greek KmmrtaBr >>. — ['D'Herbel. Bibl. Ori- ent, p. 251. voc. capudan baeha. b Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. I. p. 165, feq.]

Captain of the guides, an officer appointed for providing guides for the army. Of tliefe he ought always to have a fuf- iicient number with him, who know the country very well ; that they may guide the army on a march", or go with convoys, parties, baggage, artillery, and detachments. To provide fuch, the captain ought to have a party of horfe to go to the adjacent villages, caftles, or forts, to demand boors, whom he brings to his quarters, and keeps under a guard, till the army comes to another ground, where he maybe provided with others. He ought to underftand feveral languages, efpecially that of the country in which the army is.

CAPTAINRY, capitainerie, in the French law, denotes the go- vernment or command of a royal palace, and the lands depen- dent thereon.

The name is alfo applied to the office of captains of chaces or woods. Such are the captainries of Fontainbleau, the wood of Boulogne, &c. Meniftr. Hift. de Lion. p. 5 25. Trev. DicT Univ. T. I. p. 141 2.

CAPTIVES, captivi, (Cycl.) among the Romans, differed from dedititii, as the former were taken by force, whereas the latter furrendred themfelves. Aauin. Lex. Mil. T. I. p. 1 67. By the LexCornelia, aRoman citizen taken captive, in cafe he returned, was reputed as having never been taken ; if he died in captivity be was reputed for dead the moment he was taken : In the former cafe he recovered all his rights, and even the do- minion over his children ; in the latter his foil became free from the time of his father's detention. Jujlin. Inft. 1. 1. Tit. 12. §.5.

Formerly, captives in war became the Haves of thofe who took them » ; and though flavery, fuch as obtained among the anti- ents, be now abolifhed, fome flladow of it (till fubhfts in refpecf of prifoners of war, who are reputed the property of their cap- tors, and have no right to liberty, but by conceffion from them b . — [» Id. ibid. Tit. 3. §.3. <• Calv. Lex. Jur. p. I47'3

The Romans ufed their captives with great feverity; their necks were expofed to the foldiers to be trampled on, and their perfons afterwards fold by public auflion. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 356, feq.

Captives were frequently burnt in the funeral piles of the anti- ent warriors, as a facrifice to the infernal gods. See Burial. Thofe of royal or noble blood had their heads fhaven, and their hair fent to Rome, to ferve as decorations in female toys, &c They were led in triumph loaden with chains through Rome, in the emperors train, at leaft as far as the foot of the Capito- line mount, for they were not permitted to afcend the facred hill, but carried thence to prifon. Thofe of the prime quali- ty were honoured with golden chains on their hands as well as feet, and golden collars on their necks. If they made their ef- cape, or killed themfelves, to avoid the ignominy of being led in triumph, their images or effigies were frequently carried in their place.

CAPTIVITY. The ftate or condition of a captive. See Cap- tive, Cycl. and Suppl.

Primes of the Captivity, are heads or chiefs of the Jewifh na- tion, appointed for the adminiftration of juflice among them, during their captivity both in the Eaft and Weft, fmce thede- flruflion of their temple by the Romans.

The prince of the captivity in the eaft, is faid to have had the government of the Jews who dwelt at Babylon, in Chaldiea, Affyria and Perfia. The Prince of the captivity in the Weft, had the direflion of thofe who lived in Judsea, Egypt, Italy, and other parts of the Roman empire. Eafn. Hift. des Juifs, T. 2.I.4. c. 3.

The former were called Rabbana, and were fuppofed to have defcended from David, in a direfl line by the males ; the latter called Rabban, only defcended from David by the females. The Jews, we are told by Prideaux, after the lofs of their' au- thority, ffilj kept up the title, and for many ages had a perfon of the houfe of David rcfident about Babylon, who, under the name of the head of the captivity, was acknowledged and ho- noured as a prince among that people, and had fome fort of ju- nfdiaion, as far as was confiftent with the fubordination they were under, always invefted in him, and fometimes even a rati- fication of it was obtained from the fovereigns of the country ■ fometbing of this pageantry is faid to be flill kept up. Per- haps that they may be furnifhed with an anfwer to the chrifti- ans, when they urge the prophecy of Jacob againft them. The Icepter they pretend being ftiU preferved among them in the head of the captivity. Prid. Conn. P. ,. 1. 2. p. 153. Item r. 2. 1. 9. p. 934. See jEchmalotarcha, Cycl. and Suptl 1 hepnnce of the captivity in Judaea ufually refided at 1 ibe- nas, and aflumed the title of Roch-abboth, q. d. head of the fa- thers, or patriarchs; he prefided in the fynagogues, and at all affembhes, decided all important cafes of conscience, levied taxes to provide for the expences of his vifits, and had offi- cers under him, who were difpatched through the provinces

to execute his orders. Some reckon 10, others 1 3, of thefe princes, the firft of which was Killel, the laft Gamaliel the 4th. Bafn. Hift. des Juifs, 1. 4. c. 1, feq.

CAPUCHINS (Cycl.) — The capuchins were at firft reftrained from fpreadingout of Italy ; but Charles IX. of France, writ- ing to pope Gregory XIII. to demand fome capuchins, that pope, by a bull dated in 1575, took off the prohibition, and granted them leave to fettle any where. The cardinal of Lor- rain builtthem a convent at Meudon,and Henry HI. another at Paris, in the rue St. Honore. F. Zach. de Boverio has writ- ten the annals of the capuchins in Latin, in three volumes fo- lio, from the year 1524 to 1634. Trev. Diet, Univ. T. 1. p. 1426.

Capuchin is alfo the name of a particular fpecies of pigeon, in ftiape and make much like the jacobine or jack, but fome- tbing larger than that ; its beak alfo is longer ; and it has a to- lerable hood of feathers on the back part of its head, but has no cravat or chain down to the ihoulders as that fpecies has. Its marks are the fame with the jacobine, and it feems to be no other than a baftard breed between that and a com- mon pigeon. Macro's, Columbarium, p. 47.

CAPUCIATI, an appellation given to the followers of Wick- lift in the 14th century, by reafon they did not uncover themfelves before the hoff, but kept on their capuce, or cap ufed in thofe times. Spondanus fpeaks of the capuciati, un- der the year 1387. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p 1426.

Capuciati is alfo the denomination of a faction which appear- ed in Auvergne in 1 1 83, having at their head a carpenter named Durand ; thus called becaufe they wore the image of the virgin in their white Iinnen capuces, as the badge of their engagement. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. I. p. 828.

CAPUHNE, in botany, the name by which the French call the cardamindum or nafturtium Jndicum, a plant commonly kept in our gardens for the beauty of its flower, and its ufe in fallads and pickles. See Cardamindum.

CAPUENA, in zoology, the name of a fifh caught in the American feas among the rocks, and about the fhore, and efteemed a very delicate one for the table. It is of a long and rounded fliape : its ufual length is about five inches ; its nofe is obtufely pointed, and it has in each jaw one row of fmall teeth. Its mouth is of a deep purple colour within, and it has feven fins, and is covered with fmall fdvery fcales, with a eaft of yellow among them. Its fins are all of a pale grey, and it has two longitudinal lines on each fide, which are confiderably broad and of a fine o- ld colour. Margrave, Hift. Braf.

CAPUT concutiens, in anatomy, the name given by Douglals and fome others to a mufcle, defcribed by Albinus under the name of the intertranfverfarius colli, among fome others of the fame nature, which he diftinguifhes according to their fituation into priorcs and pofteriores. This being of the for- mer number, Window calls it the tranfverfarius fecundus an- terior, which fee.

Caput cordis, a name fometimes given to the upper and lar- ger fide of the heart, otherwife called its bafis. See Heart and Base, Cycl.

Caput draconis, a denomination given by fome to a fixed ftar of the firft magnitude, in the head of the conftellation draco y called alfo by the Arabs rafaben and elianin. See Draco, Cycl. Vital. Lex. Math. p. 92. & p. 158.

Caput jejunii, a name given to Afh-wednefday, as being the firft day of the Lent-faft. Schcetg. Lex. Ant. p. 274. Du Cange, doff. Lat. p. 826. See Lent, Cycl.

Caput moventh.m Jecundus, in anatomy, a name given by Fal- lopius and others to a mufcle called by Albinus biventer cer- vicis, and by fome the cotnplexus.

Caput porcinum, fwines head, a denomination given by the Romans to an order of battle more frequently called emeus. Kenn. Rom. Ant. P. 2. 1. 4. c. 10. Jquin. Lex. Milit. T. 1. p. 1C9. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 360. See Battle.

Caput purgia, a barbarous term ufed by fome phyfichins to denote medicines which cleanfe the head, cither in the way of fneezing, more properly called errhines; or by chewino- in the way of faiivation, called apophlegmathants. CafT. Lex. Med. p. 134, feq. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 826. See Errhima, Sternutative, and Apophlecmati- zants, Cycl.

CAPYBARA, in zoology, the name of an animal found in many parts of America, and fomewhat approachino- to the nature of the river-horfe, but with (o much of the general figure of the hog kind, that Marggrave and fome others have called it the porcus marinus, or fea hog. It is of the fize of a half grown hog, meafuring in length, from the head to the rump, about two foot: its belly is as prominent as that of a fat hog. It has no tail, its feet are wholly like thofe of the hog, but that the fore ones have four claws each, and the hinder ones only three. Its head is very thick, and proportionably too large for the body; its eyes are large and black, its ears fmall and round ; the lower jaw is fhorter than the upper, and each has two long crooked teeth that ftand out' a finger and a half from the jaw, and are buried two fingers in it, but thefe do not fhew themfelves outwardly when the mouth is fhut. It feeds on vegetables, and its fleih is eaten by the Indians, but is not well tailed. Ray's Syn. Quad. p. 1 85. CARA