Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/456

 CAP

CAP

CAPITANIA, the office or dignity of a captain, and more efpe- cially a perpetual feud. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. i. p. 803. See Capitaneate.

Capitania is alfo a denomination given to the twelve govern- ments eftablifhed by the Portuguefe in Brafil. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. 1414.

CAPITATUS, in ichthyology, a name given by Joannes Cuba^ and fome others, to that fifh which we commonly call the bull- head and miller's thumb, the cottus and gobio capitatus of au- thors. It is of the genus of the cotti, according to the Aftedian fyftem, and is diftinguifhed by that author by the name of the fmooth fcalelefs cottus.

CAPITE cenfi, in antiquity, the loweft rank of Roman citizens, who in public taxes were rated the leaft of all, being fuch as were never worth above 365 afTcs.

They were fuppofed to have been thus called by reafon they were rather counted and marfhalled by their heads than their eftates. A.Gell. 1. 7. c. 13.

The capite cenfi made part of the 6th clafs of citizens, being be- low the proletarii, who formed the other moiety of that clafs. Kenn. Rom. Antiq. P. 2. 1. 3. c. 16.

■ The cap'tte cenfi were not enrolled in the army, as being judged not able to fupport the expences of war ; for in thofe days the folaiers maintained themfelves. It does not appear that before Caius Marius any of the Roman generals lifted the capite cenfi in their armies. Salufi. Bell. Jugurth. p. 135. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 360. Panvin. de civ. Rom. c. 52. Sigan, de Ant. Juris civ. Rom 1. 1. c. 4. Scboetg. Lex. Ant. p. 270.

CAPITIS norms, in anatomy, the name given by Fallopius to one of the mufcles of the head, defcribed by Albinus under the name of the retlus capitis internus major, and by Winflow and others under that of the refttts capitis anterior hngus. See the article Head.

CAPITIS par tertiutn, in anatomy,a name given by Fallopius and others of his time, to a mufcle fince called by Winflow, corn- plexus minor and majioidteus lateralis, and by Cowper and Al- binus trachehmajloidaus.

CAPITO, in ichthyology, the chubby is called alfo by fome authors the cephalus and fqualus, and in fome parts of England the che- vin. It is a longer-bodied fifh than the carp, and its head is black, large, and fomewhat flat. Its back is of a dufky green, and its belly and fides are ufually white and filvery, but in the larger and fatter fifh they become yellow, and fpottcd with fmall black fpots ; its fcales are very large, and its mouth fmall. It has no teeth either in the jaws, palate, tongue, or throat; its tail is forked, and all its fins are of a blueiih black colour. Its belly is fomewhat prominent j it is a river fifh, and loves the covert of old flumps of trees and hollow banks, and gives the angler much diverfton ; it will not live in ponds ; it fpawns in May, and is in heft feafon in April, when full of fpawn, but is never a very delicate fifh. Ray's Ichthyogr. p. 255.

Capito is alfo a name given by feveral authors to the mugil or mullet.Gaza feems to have given rife to this error,he found the word cephalus in Ariftotle as the name of the mullet, and tranf- lated it by the word capito? not confidering that he by that name confounded this fifh with another, namely, the chubb.

SeeCEPHALUS.

Capito carideus, the blue chubb, a fifh common in the Danube, and other of the larger rivers in Germany, and frequently called the jentling. Gefner, de pifc. p. 1266. See Jent- ling.

Capito rapax, in zoology, a name given by fome authors to the corvus pijeis, a fifh of the fhape of our river chubb. IVil- lughbys Hift. Pifc. p. 246. See the article Corvus pifcis.

CAPITOLINI, in Roman antiquity, a college of men rcfiding in the capital and arx, to whom was committed the care of ce- lebrating the Capitoline games. lav, Hift. 1. 5. c. 50. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. i.p. 352.

CAPITOUL or Capitol, an appellation given to the chief ma- giftrates of Tholoufe, who have the adminiftration of jufticc and policy both civil and mercantile in the city. The capitouls at Tholoufe are much the fame with the echevins at Paris, and the confuls, bailiffs, burger-maftcis, mayors, and aldermen, &c. in other cities. In antient acts they are called confules capiiularii, or capitolini, and their body capihdum : From this laft come the words capitularii and capitouls. The appel- lative capitolini arofe hence, that they have the charge and cuf- tody of the town-houfc, which was antiently called capital. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1416. Savar. Diet. Comm, T.


 * • P- 553-

The office only lafts one year, and ennobles the bearers. In fome antient acts they are called capitulum nobillum Tolojte. Thofe who have borne it, ftyle tbemfelves afterwards burgelTes 3. They are called to all general councils, and have the jus ima- ginum, that is, when the year of their adminiftration is expired, their pictures are drawn in the town-houfe; a cuftom which they have retained from the antient Romans, as may be feeu inSigonius b. — [* Seld. Tit. of Hon. p. 482. b Sigon. de Antiq. Jur. Civ. Rom. 1. 2. Trev. Diet, loc. cit.] CAPITOULATE, an appellation given to the feveral quarters, or diftricts of the city Tholoufe, each under the direction of & capitoul; much like the wards of London, under their alder- ■ men- See Capitoul. Tholoufe is nowdivided into eight capitulates orquarters, which

are ("Undivided into moulans, each of which has its tithing man, whole hufincfs is to inform the capitoul of what pafl.es in his tithintr, and to inform the inhabitants of the tithing, of the or- ders of the capitoul. Catel. Hift. de Langued. 1.2. p. 14a, feq. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. i.p. 1416.

CAPITUL A ruralia, denote chapters held by the rural dean and clergy within the precincts of each deanry.antiently held every three weeks, then once a month, and more folemnly once a quarter Kcnn. Paroch. Antiq. p 640. Ejufd. Glofl". ad Eund.

CAPITULATION (Cycf.) — The imperial capitulation, accord- ing to Conringius, is a kind of convention, whereby the em- peror, nominated by the electors, accepts, before the cere- mony of his coronation, the conditions propofed to him, and vows to obferve the fame. The king of the Romans alfo when elected, figns the emperor's capitulation, as bein"" in right of fuch election to fuccecd to the empire after the death of the emperor. Conring. DifK Acad. 3. Th. 20. JBibl. Univ. T. 4. p. 173.

Some authors date the origin of imperial capitulations from the time of Charlemaign. Others will have it to have been firft eftablifhed in the Time of Conradel. as being the firft who came to the empire by election ; all his predeceflbrs having mounted the throne by right of conqucft, it is not natural to fuppofe they would receive Jaws and conditions from thofe they had conquered. Journ. des Scav. T. 50.

'I lie defign of the capitulation is, on the one hand, to pre- vent the emperor from abufing his power to the opprcflioii of the people, and on the other, to prevent the people from breaking in on the juft rights of the emperor. The impe- rial capitulations are confidered as fundamental laws of the empire ; and though the drawing up, prefenting, procuring the fignature, and taking care of the execution of it, be committed to the electors, it is reputed the act of the Hates of the empire. Schurfchifi. DUt de Elect. Frid. III. §. 10. hnhef. Not. Imp. 1. 4. c. z. § 5. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. i. p. 1418. CAPITULUM, (Cycl.) in anatomy, a little head, efpecially of a bone, anfwering to the Greek coudylus. Cafi. Lex. Med. p.

Capitulum, in the antient military art, was a tranfverfe beam, wherein were holes through which paffed the firings whereby the arms of huge engines, as balufta?, catapults, and fcorpion, were played or worked. V'ttruv. de Archit. 1. 1. c. 1. Bald. Lex. Vitruv. p. 19. Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. 166.

Capitulum, in ecclefiaftical writers, denoted part of a chapter of the bible read and explained.

In which fenfe they faid, ire ad capitulum, to go to fuch a lecture. Afterwards the place or apartment where fuch the- ological cxercifes were performed was denominated domus capiiuli. Hopfn. Saxon. Evang. p. 598. Fab. Thef. p. 460.

CAPIVI (Cycl.)— Befide the common ufes of this balfam, the art of the modern chemirts has found a new and very pro- fitable one, that is the debafing and adulterating the dearer eftential oils with it, as the fmcll in its oil is muchfweeter than that of turpentine or deal wood.

This balfam yields a very large proportion of eflential oil, by diftillation with water, even to the quantity of five or fix ounces from a pound, and the chemiiis who know this, adulterate their oils, either by mixing them with the oil of capivi, or more cunningly, by putting'a proper quantity of this balfam with the ingredients into the ftill, and fo drawing off" the oil of both mixed intimately together. There feems no eafy way of detecting this fraud; the nice ufe of a hv- droftatical balance indeed would do it ; and it is worth o'b- fcrv'mg whether the oils thus adulterated will not, on long keeping, difebarge the ink of their written label, as the ef- fential oils, adulterated with the oil of turpentine, are known to do, on account of the acid vapour which continually ex- hales from that oil. Shaw's Lectures, p. 115,

CAPNEL/EON, Ka7iv;?,etto:, amojig antient naturalifts, denotes a fpecies of refin, which flows fpontaneoufly, being warmer, thinner, and more fluid than all other forts of refins, fo as near- ly to approach the nature of oil, and evaporating plentifully on being expofed to the fire ; whence the denomination which imports as much as fmoking oil. It is fometimes alfo called pijfanthos, or flower of pitch. Cafi. Lex. Med. p. 133.

CAPNICON, in antiquity, chimney-money, or a tax which the Roman emperors levied for fmoke, and which of confequence was due from all, even the pooreft, who kept a fire. This was firft invented by Nicephorus. Zonar. 1. 3. p. [ 00. Biding, de Vedtig c. 74. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 355.

CAPNISTON, KaOT.r^, among antient phyficians, denotes oil whole fumes rendred aromatic by burningfpices, are conveyed to a part affected.

CAPNITIS, or capnias jafpis, in the natural hiftory of the anti- ents, the name of a fpecies of chalcedony, of a brownifb ground, clouded with a large mift of blackifh, looking like a column of fmoak. The antients alfo called our common tbalccdony a jafper, not alloting any peculiar generical name to thefe mifty ftones; and the name they gave this fpecies very happily ex- prelled its character, as it looks exactly as if obfeured by acloud of thick frnokc.

It