Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/455

 CAP

CAP

CAP1PLENIUM is ufed by fome authors for a catarrh *;but more properly, by the Italian phyficians, for a continual heavinefs of the head, frequent at Rome, and almoft endemic. b — [*Scbncid. de Catarrh. 1. i. c. 3. b Bagiiv. de Prax. Med. 1. 1. c. 13 n. 4. p. 116. Cajl. Lex. Med. p. 132, feq.]

CAPISCOLUS or Ca pischol us, in ecclefiaftical writers, de- notes a dignitary in certain cathedrals, who had the fuperin- tendency of the choir, or band of mufic, anfwering to what in other churches is called chanter or precentor, SeeCHANTOR, Cycl.

The word is alfo written cahifcalus, and caputfebohs, q. d. the head of the fchool, or band of mufic.

The capifco'us is alfo called fcbohjlicus, as having the inftruction of the young clerks and cboiri/lers, how to perform their duty. Vid. Fleur. Trait, des Etud. Sect. 8. p. 42. Du Cange, G\oK. Lat. T. I. p. 8z6,feq. Menag. Grig, p 156. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 141 1.

CAP! STRUM {Cycl.) among the antient muficians was a kind of head ftall, or bridle made of leather, fattened round the head, which puffing over the mouth, comprefted the lips and cheeks fo clofe, that the perfon, whatever effort he made, could not give his pipe, or flute, above the due quantity of wind requifite to make it fpeafe.

The figure of a mufician cquipt with a capi/lrum is given by Salmafius, who maintains it to be that of Marfyas the fatyr, who, according to Plutarch, was the inventor of this inftru- ment ; in virtue of which he had even dared to contend with Apollo *, It was copied from an antient fea!, formerly be- longing to Velferus b. — [ a Pint. Sympof. 1. 7. c. 8. b Salrnaf. Exerc. ad Solin. p. 5^5. Jour, des Scav. T. 6. p. 270.] Some pretend that the ufe of the capi/lrum was to hide the de- formity of bloated cheeks, and a gaping mouth, especially where the teeth were naught; others, that it was intended to fave the lips and cheeks from being extended fo as feo endanger burfting ; others, to fortify the part, that it might yield the ftronger noife. But the chief ufe appears to have been, to temper and moderate the breath, and prevent its animating the pipe beyond the due pitch. BartboL de Tib. 1. 3. c. 4. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. t. p. 35 r. See Phorbjea. The chemifts give the denomination capijlrum aur'i to borax. Menat. Metalloth. p. 43. Rul. Lex. Alch, p. 131. See Bo- rax.

■CAPITA or Capitum, in antiquity, denotes a tax among the Romans for the maintenance of the horfes in the army, levied according to the number of heads thereof. The capitum was an obligation to furnifh hay to the emperor's ftables, from whence it was afterwards diftributed to the equites or horfe guards, and their officers a. It was deemed a mark of extraordinary honour, when the emperor ordered livery, or allowance of meat and provender to any perfon during his ftay at Rome, fo that both himfelf and horfes were fupported at the public expence, as Valerian did to Aurelian b. — [ a Burm. DifT.de Vedig. c.4. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p-352- 1 Vopifc. in Aurel. c. 9.]

CAPITAL {Cycl.)— M. Bayle has a difcourfe on the advan- tages of being born and living in the capital of the country. Bayle, Rep. aux Queft. d' unProvinc. T. 1. c. 1. feq. Jour, des Scav. T. 37. p. 44.

Some pretend to limit the magnitude of a capital from the pro- portion to the reft of the country, founded on a fuppofed ana- logy between the capital of a country, and the head of an ani- mal. But the analogy is falacious, and fo are the complaints grounded on it, that the city draws away the nourifhment from the country, and that England is in the condition of an hydro- pic, where one part indeed fwells immoderately, and the whole waftes by the fame means. 5 Tis certainly an advantage to trade to have one great capital city in a kingdom, rather than to have the fame number of people difperfed in feveral places. ex. gr. fuppofing the city of London to contain fifteen hundred thoufand people, as by fome computations it does, it is more advantaceous to the whole kingdom, that thefe mould be fo collected, than that the fame mould be divided equally between 15 feveral cities at a diftance from each other. Spain is an inftance of the effects of wanting a capital ; there are abundance of great cities in it, as Madrid, SevilIe,Granada, Cadiz, Barcelona, Malaga, Valentia, Toledo, Cordova, &c. The three firft of which contain each thre hundred thoufand people,and the reft from one hundred to two hundred thoufand; but they want a center towards which their motions may be directed, and, like the heart in the body, produce a circulation of money and bufinefs to the remoteft parts. A middling city, as Briftol, or Madrid, will indeed influence trade, hut this influence will only reach to the adjacent country, fome 20. or 30 miles from the place,whereas a million and a half of people in London, and half a million more in the adjacent parts, which receive their provifions from London, engage the whole kingdom, and fet the wheels of trade going almoft over the whole ifland. Comp. Engl. Tradefman. T. 2. c. 4. p. 122, feq.

Capi ]"al court, capitalis curia, the chief manor-houfe, or place- houfe where" the lord of the manor holds his court, called alfo in Kent the court-lodge. See Court, Cycl. and Suppl. Capital court is fometimes ufed for the fame with capital meflii- age. Kenn. Glofl". ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. See Messuage, Cycl

Capital honour, capitalis honor, denotes the chief honour, or prime barony of the whole county,as that in antient times ufu- ally enjoyed by the count or earl of fuch county. Kenn. Glofl*. ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc.

Capital lord, capitalis dominus, the lord of the fee, from whom the eftate is held by inferior tenants. Kenn. Paroch. Antiq. p. 162. an. 2?o. Ejufd. Glofl'. ad Eufid. ibid.

Capital piclure, in painting, denotes one of the fined: and molt excellent pieces of any celebrated mafter. F. Chamillard gives a lift of the pieces of each famous painter, and the places where they are found. Such are the transfigura- tion of Raphael, in the church of St. Peter in Montorio, at Rome. The nativity of Corregio, in the palace of the duke of Modena. The St. Peter Martyr of Titian, at Venice, in the church of St. John. The paradife ofTintoret, in the hall of the great council in the fame city. The judgment of Michael Angelo, in the pope's chapel in the Vatican. The St.Michael ofGuidn, in the capuchin church at Rome. The St.Jerom dying, of Dominichino, in the church of St Jerom de la Ca- rita, at Rome. The marriage or Canna, by Paolo Veronefe, in the Louvre at Paris 1. Raphael painted a multitude of fine madonas, but the moft capital, in the judgment of all the co- noifleurs, is that in the palace Chigi, reprefenting the holy vir- gin holding the child Jefus by the hand, and St. Jofeph ap- proaching to kifs him — {"Cbamill. Difl". fur. plus Med. StPi- er.de fon Cabin, ap. Mem. de Trev. 17 12. p. 489, feq. b Ra~ guen. Monum. de Roma, ap. Mem. de Trev. Mar. 1702. p.

Capital, in matters of u fury, denotes the furn of money put out to intcreft.

In which fenfe it amounts to the fame with principal, and ftands oppofed to intereft. Ozan. Lex. Math. p. 58.

Folded Capital, in architecture, that of a pilafter in a re enter- ing angle whether right or obtufe.

Mutilated Cap it al, that wbofe projecture is lefs on one fide than on another, as being too near fome adjacent body or an- gle. Davil. Courf. d' Archit. p. 462.

Attic Capital, that which has water-leaves in thegorgerrn.

Symbolical Capitals, thofe adorned with the attributes of hea- then deities Such are moft of the antique capita's,\n which we find thunderbolts and eagles for Jupiter, trophies for Mars, lyres for Apollo, &c. Such alfo among the moderns are thofe which bear the arms and devices of a nation, the marks of avic- tory, a dignity, or the like. Davil. Courf. d' Archit. P. 2. p. 460. in voc. tbapr'teau.

The capitals ol triglyphs, according to Vitruvius, are to be a fixth part of the module. Over them is to be placed a corona, Vitruv. d* Archit. 1. 4. c. 3.

Capital of a lanthom, the covering which terminates the Iant- horn of a dome, either in the figure of a bell, as that of the Sorbonne, or of a cupola, or a fpiral, as that of the church of Sapienza at Rome.

Capital of a mill, the covering thereofin form of a cone, which turns vertically on the round tower, ih order to expofe the fails to the wind. Davil. Courf. d* Archit. P 2. p. 462.

Capital letters. The antient MSS. both Greek and Latin, are written wholly in capitals. Phil. Tranf. N° 189. p. 364. In the early days of printing, there were alfo feveral editions of books in capitals, as of Homer, the Greek Anthology, Apol- lonius, Sic. Johannes Lafcaris feems to have brought the anti- ent printers to give editions in capita' 1 *. Mataire gives a Greek epigram, and a Latin epiftle of Lafcaris in capitals. Matt air. Annal. Typogr. T. r. Le Clerc, Bibl. Choif. T. 1 1. p. 368.

Capital-AW, in fortification. See Line, Cycl.

Capitan bajhaw. See Captain ba/haw.

Capitan rets, or Capidan reis, an appellation given fcy the Turks to the grand pilot, anfwering to pilot royal among the French. D' Herbel. Bibl. Orient, p. 25 r. voc. capudan.

Capitan a or Captain gaily, the chief or principal gaily of a ftate, not dignified with the title of a kingdom. Auh. Diet. Mar. p. 169.

The capitane was antiently the denomination of the chief gal- ley of France, which the commander went on board of. But fince the uippreffion of the office of captain-general of the gal- lies in 1 66 9, they have no capiiana, but the firft galley is called Reale, and the fecond Patrons. Trev Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1414-

CAPITANEALE, in a general fenfe, the fame with capitania See Capitania.

Capitaneates, in Pruffia, are a kind of noble feuds, or eftates, which befldes their revenue, raife their owners to the rank of nobility. They are otherwife caWedJiaro/lies. Vid. Bibl. Germ. T. 6 p. 11.

CAPITANEI or Catanei, in Italy, was a denomination given to all dukes, marquifles, and counts, who were called capiiami regis. The fame appellation was alfo given to perfons of in- ferior rank who were inverted with fees, formerly diftinguifhed by the appellation valvafores majores. Du Cange, Glofl*. Lat. T. 1. p. 803, feq.

CAPITANEUS, in antient law writers, denotes a tenant in ca- pite, or chief. Spebn. Glofl. Lat. p. 1 1 S. See Capite, Cycl. and Suppl.

CAPiTANtus ecckfia, the fame with advocate. Du Cange, GioflT. Lat. T. 1. p. 802.

CAPI-