Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/453

 CAN

CAP

In Harris's Lex. Techn. they are called canolgne coins, but this feems an error of the prefs. Manwayring calls them cantick-quoynes.

CANTO denotes a part or divifion of a poem, anfwering to what is otherwlfe called a book. k

The word is Italian, where it properly fignifies fong. TaflTo, Ariofto, and feveral other Italians, have divided their longer or heroic poems into cantos 2. In imitation of them Scarron has alfo divided his Gigantomachia, and Boileau his Lutrin, into chants, or fongs b. The like ufage has been adopted by fome Engliili writers, as Butler, who di- vides his Hudibras, and Dr. Garth his difpenfary into can- tos. A late Tranflator of part of Virgil's JEneid, has even fubdivided a book of Virgil into feveral cantos*. — [* Vo- cab. Acad. Crufc. T. 2. p. 276. b Trev. Diffc.TJniv. T. 1. p. 1635. voc. chant. c 1'heob. Third Book of iEneis.]

Canto, in the Italian mufic, fignifies a fong: hence canto Jimplice is where all the notes or figures are equal, called alfo canto fermo : canto jigurato, that where {he figures are un- equal, and exprefs different motions.

Canto alfo fignifies the treble part of a fong ; hence canto con- certante, the treble of the little chorus ; canto ripie.no, the treble of the grand chorus, or that which fings only now and then, in particular places.

Canto fignifies the firft treble, unlets fome other word be added to it,a$ fecondo, in which cafe it denotes the fecond treble. BroJJ'. Diet. Muf. p. 16. Watth. Lex. Muf. p. 13s, feq.

CANTON (Cycl.) — ■ The Swifs cantons are divided into prote- itant, popifh, and thofe which are partly one, partly the other. The proteftant cantons are four ; Zurich, Bern, Balle, and Schaffhaufen. The popifh cantons are feven; viz. Lucern, Uri, Underwald, Zug, Fribourg, Soleure, and Schwitz, which gives the denomination to all the reft. Thofe compofed of both re- ligions are Glaris and Appenzel.

The compofitlon of the cantons differs from that of the united provinces, in that each canton may do what it thinks good ; whereas in Holland one province can undertake nothing with- out the concurrence of the reft. Jour, des Scav. T. 1. p. 253. The cantons have no dependency on each other, having each their feparate laws, and forms of government, which in fome Is abfolutely democratical, in others ariftocratical a. They are obliged by the alliance between them to aflift each other when attacked. They hold an ordinary aflcmbly yearly in June, at Baden, where their deputies treat of the affairs which concern the whole body. The canton of Zurich holds the firft place, and its deputies prefide at the aflcmbly ; but Bern is far the richeft and ftrongeft, making near one third part of the whole. Some compare it to the duchy of Milan b. — [ a Cha- vigni, Scienc. des perfon. de la Cour. T, 1. p. 229, feq. b Sou- ver. duMond. T. 3. p. 12, feq.]

The Swifs cantons date their freedom from the year 1 308, when driven by the ill ufage of their Auftrian governors, the three cantons of Uri, Schwitz, and Underwald, combined together, drove but the Auftrians, and follicited the reft to join with them; In 135 ! Zurich, in 1352 Zug and Glaris, in 1353 Bern, in 1481 Fribourg and Soleure, in 1 501 Balle and Schaffhaufen, and laftly Appenzel in 1513. The eight firft are fometimes diftinguifhed by the appellation of the antient cantons. Souvcr, du Mond. T. 3. p. 6, feq. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 21. p.

CANTONING, in middle age writers, denotes the dividing a thing into hundreds, or felling it by hundred weights, or hun- dreds in tale. Kenn. Gloff ad Paroch. Antiq.

Cantoning, in the military art, is a method of quartering troops in a town, where the garrifon is fo numerous, that feveral re- giments muft be quartered on the inhabitants for want of ca- ferns or barracks to contain them.

In this cafe they divide the town into as many parts as there are regiments to be fo quartered, that the officers and foldiers of each may have a diftinct part to themfelves. This, in the mi- litary phrafe, is called cantoning of a town. Vid. Bland. Treat. Milk. Difcipl. c. 10. art. 2. p. 149.

CANTRED orCANTREV, denotes a diftrict or divifion of an hundred towns, or villages. See Hundred, Cycl. The word is Britifh, compounded of cant, hundred, and trev, or tref, town or village.

In Wales, the counties are divided into cantreds, as thofe in England are into hundreds. Anglefey, in particular a, is divid- ed into three cantrevs or cantreds, which are each fubdivided in- to fax comets or commotes, each commote containing about fixty trevs, or townfhips. The general partition of Wales into can- trevs and eomots is very antient b. — [ 3 Kenn. Glofl* ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. cantredum. Du Cange, Glofl*. T. I. p. 767. b RowL Mona. Antiq. Eft". Seel. 10. p. no, feq. Speltn. Glofl'.

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CANVAS (Cycl.) is the cloth on which painters ufually draw their pictures; the canvas being fmoothed over with a flick-ftone, then fized, and afterwards whited over, makes what the painters call their primed cloth, on which they draw their iirft fketches with a coal or chalk, and afterwards finifh with colours. Balm. Polygr. 1. 3. c. 2. feci:. 6. Savar. Diet. Com. T. 2. p. 1769. voc. toile.

Canvas alfo denotes a coarfe kind of hempen cloth, wove pretty Si/ppl. Vol.. I.

open,ufed in divers parts ofmen's,but efpecially women's drefs Trev, Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1386.

We have divers forts and denominations of canvas, moft of them imported from abroad; as Dutch, Earras, and Hef- fian canvas; packing canvas \ _ guttings and fpruce canvas; Poledavies, Ebbing, or Queen thorough canvas ; working: can- vas, for botts or cuflnons, narrow, broad, and broadeft. Hougbt. Collect. T. 4. N° u. p. 119.

Canvas is alfo a name fometimes given to fail-cloth. Sa- var. Diet. Comm, T. 1, p. 546.

Canvas-^j, in the military art, contain about a cubic foot of earth or fand, with which they are filled. Their ufe is toraife a parapet in hafte, or to repair one, when beaten down. See Sacks of earth, Cycl.

CANZONE, in the Italian mufic, in the general, fignifies a fong; particularly a fort of Italian ode, or Lyric poem, confiitino-of feveral ftanzas, through all which the fame order and difpofi- tion of verfes, meafures, and fhimes, are obferved as in the firft.

The canzone is ufually very long, and may be fet to mufic in much the fame ftyle with the cantata. See Cantata, Cycl. 1 here are alfo pieces of fymphony without words, called can- zone, much the fame with fonata's. Br off. Diet. Muf. p. i 6. Explic. Term. Muf. p. 19. Walth. Lex." Muf. p. 139. Crufc. Vocab. T. 2. p. 277.

The word canzone In fonatas, ferves to indicate that the airs it is put under, are airs of brifk movement ; fuch as are the ufual fugues otherwife marked with allegro. See Allegro, Cycl. and Suppl.

CANZONETTA denotes a little canzone. See Canzone. The word is a diminutive of the Italian canzona, or canzone. Crufc. Vocab. T. 2. p. 277.

CANZURI, a name given by fome authors to a peculiar kind of camphor more efteemed than any other fort. Some have fup- pofed it thus called from Kanzur or Chanzur, the name of a place where they fuppofe it to be produced, which feems the more probable opinion, though Scaliger rejects it, and will have it that this fine camphor had its name from a certain oum called canznr, which, according to Garcias, and fome others, is frequently mixed with the camphor by the people who col- lect it for fale.

This gum, he fays, is called alfo canderros ; and that it is fome- what like the crude amber,only that it is whiter. There is this great objection to this being the true fenfe of the word, that it exprefles an adulterated kind, which it is fcarceprobablefhould be true of that which all the authors who have mentioned this kind of camphor have agreed in calling the beft and moft ex- cellent of all the forts.

CAOUANNE, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of tortoife very much refembling the jurucua of the Brafilians, but having a thicker fliell, and aharfli, tough, and ftringy flefh, of but vtry bad tafte. Ray's Syn. Quad. p. 257- See Jurucua.

CAOUKE, in the Turkifh drefs, a high ftiff turban, worn by theodabafhees, or heads of the chambers of janizaries, when they go in proceflion. Pocock's Egypt, p. 167.

CAP (Cycl.) — The Romans were many ages without any regu- lar covering for the head: when either the rain or fun was trou- blefome, the lappet of the gown was thrown over the head; and hence it is that all the antient ftatues appear bareheaded, ex- cepting fometimes a wreath, or the like. And the fameufau-e obtained among the Greeks, where, at leafr. during the heroic age no caps were known.

Yet on fome occafions we find the Romans ufing a fort of co- verings for the head, as at facrifices. public games, feafts of Sa- turn, and on journeys and military expeditions. Some per- fons were alio allowed to have their heads always covered, as thofe who had lately been made free, and were thereupon fhaved clofe on their head. 1 hefe might wear the piteus both as a defence from the weather, and a badge of liberty; and the like privilege was granted to pcrfons under any indifpofition. Lipf. de Amphitheat. c. 19. Kenn. Ant. Rom. P. 2. 1. 5. c. 8. p. 320.

The forts of caps or covers of the head in ufe among the Re- mans on divers occafions were the mitre, pi leu s, cucullus, ga- lerus, and palliolum ; the differences between which are often confounded by antient as well as modern writers. The French clergy wear a fhallow kind of cap, called calotte, which only covers the top of the head, made of leather, fattin, worfted, or other fluff.

The red cap is a mark of dignity allowed only to thofe who arc railed to the cardinalate. Savar. Diet. Com. T. 1. p. 531. The fecular clergy are diftinguifhed by black leathern caps, the regulars by knit and worfted ones.

Cap of a gun, is a piece of lead which is put over the touch-hole of a gun, to keep the priming from being wafted or fpilt. Guill. Gent. Diet. p. 3. in voc.

To cap, is faid of a fliip, in the trials of the running or letting of currents. Quill. Gent. Diet. p. 3. in voc.

Cap or great Cap, a denomination of a kind of compendious bandage, ferving for almoft all occafions cf the head, being in figure not unlike a helmet. Vid. Le Clerc, Dcicr. of Band" p. 13. feq. where the manner of making the great cap is de- fcribed.

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