Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/449

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from 8 to 10 horfes: Fafch. Irtg. Lex. p. 156, feq; TfVfi

, Lex. Math. p. 312, feq. voc. carthaune.

H a 'f garter Can n on, that which fhoots a ball of 6 pound weight. It weighs from 19 to 20 hundred weight.

Cannon, among the French, is that which carries a ball. of 33 pounds, is 1 1 toot 1 inch long, arid weighs 6200 pounds.

Demi Cannon of Spain, that which carries a ball of 24 pounds, is 10 foot 11 inches i long, and weighs 5100 pounds.

.Dwu'Cannon of Frame, or culverin,, carries a ball of 16 pounds, is 10 Foot eleven inches long, and weighs 41 00 pounds.

S^uartir Cannon of Spain, carries a ball of 1 2 pounds, is 10 foot 9 inches i long, and weighs 3400 pounds.

ijW-r<rCANNON of France, or bajlard, carries a ball of 8 pounds, is (o foot 7 inches 5 long, and weighs 1950 pounds.

Middle piece, la moyenne, carries a ball of 4 pound weight, is 10 foot 7 inches long, and weighs 1300 pounds.

Fauzon and Fauconnear carries a ball from 2 pound to^ of apound, is 7 foot long, and weighs from 8co to 150 pounds. Saint Remy, Mem. d'Artill. T. 2. p. 58, feq. Wolf Elem. Pyro- tech. c. 4. §. 99, & 1 10. Fafch. Ing. Lex. p. 142. vac. canon. Among the Italians, the whole cannon carries a ball from 70 to 120 pounds ; the cannon from 30 to 50 pounds, and formerly to 60 pounds; the demi cannon from 10 to 28 pounds; the quarter cannon from 6 to 18 pounds; the cannon baftlisk amonc- the Turks from 130 to 150, or even 200 pound. Moore, Treat. Artill. P. 2. c. 4.

OrdixaryCXatiQtis, are thofe of the common or middling length, each according to the proportions of its kind, ex. gr. 32 calli- bers for a culverin.

Extraordinary .CANNONS, are thofe which are longer than the ufual proportion allowed to their fpecies, ex. gr. from 32 to 48 or 50 callibers for a culverin, Moore, Treat. Artill. P. 2. c. 3.

Bafiard Cannon, thofe which are fliorter than ordinary, whe- ther they be of the whole cannon, cannon, or demi-cannon, or quarter cannon kind. $>uch,ex.gr. aieculverins from 32 to 26 callibers.

Some call thofe bafiard cannon which are longer than ordinary cannons, yet do not reach die length of culvcrins. But thefe ought rather to be called extraordinary catinons, or bafiard cul- verins. Moore, Treat. Artill. c. 4.

Cannons longer than ordinary arc alfo called flings, drakes, he. as thofe fliorter are called cuts.

Chambered or camerated Cannon is that which has a chamber near the breafr, about 4 diameters of the piece in length, and | of a diameter in width. Moore, ibid. c. 4. The tliicknefs of metal in thefe is at the touch-hole |, in the middle \ % and at the neck f of their calliber.

Reinforced, or fortified Cannons, thofe ftronger and thicker in metal than ordinary, have their metal at the touch-hole one di- ameter thicker, in the middle 5 orf, and at the neck -|. AH chamber' d cannons are reinforced. Moore, ibid. c. 4, See further concerning the feveral kinds of the antient cannons, Semionovicz, Artill. p. 24. St. Remy, Mem. d'Artill. P. 2. p. 55. The modern pieces are defcribed by Meith, in Artill. Recent. Prax.

Ship Cannon are ftronger in metal than thofe ufed by land, on account of the neceffity they are often under of being charged with chain fhot. They lie on fhip carriages, having four fmall wheels, without fpokes, with two ropes to flop their running back, and bring them back to their place upon the battery.

Cannon efcettrfe, or chafe Cannon, in a gaily, is the largeft, middlemofl, and moft effective of the guns placed in the prow, or chafe of the veflel, and which delivers its (hot over the very ftem, generally carrying a fhot of 33 or 34 pound weight. It is a long piece, and recoils all along the middle of the gaily to the mail. Moore, Treat. Artill. P. 5. p. 103, feq. See Gun.

£«/jCannon. What are commonly called brafi cannon, are not made of pure brafs; they cannot "be made either of this, or of pure copper, but it is always found necefTary to mix with thefe metals fome coarfer ones, in order to make the whole run the clofer and founder: fuch are lead, and what the founders call pot metal, As bell metal is a mixture of copper and tin, fo pot metal is copper and lead. About tweuty pound of lead is ufually put to a hundredweight of pot metal, but about fix pounds is fufficient for a hundred weight of gun metal, and is, of vaft fervice.

Firing of Can non is performed by the application of a quick- match to the touch-hole.

The antients had their fiery tubes, or canna, which being; loaden with pitch, froncs, and iron balls, were exploded with a vehement noife, fmoke, and great effecT: ; though much infe- rior to our bombs. Vid. Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. 1. p. 159.

Cann on mouth of a bit, denotes a round, long piece of iron, ibmetimes compofed of two pieces coupled together, and bent in the middle. See Bit.

Cannon mouths} in the manege, are contrived to keepa horfe in fuhjeftion, being fo ordered that they rife gradually toward the middle, and afcend towards the palate, that the void fpace left underneath may afford a liberty to the tougue. Quill. Gent. Dici. P. 1. in voc.

CANNONEER, orCANNONiERj an officer in the artillery, who has the care of charging, pointing, and firing a cannon. jfubin,Dia. Mar. p. 161. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1397. See Cannon. Suppt. Vol,. I.

Gam

The cannoneer is the fame with what is btfeefwife called gmnirs in the (heights captain; and in other places cam- fable. Moore, Treat. Artill. P. c; „, c ,

CANNOW. See the article Canow.

CANNULA, or Canola, (Cycl.) in ecclefiaffic.-.l writers, was a tuoe of hirer, or other metal; wherein were put the re- licks, which the pope fern as prelents to princes, &c &W Lex Ecclef. P. ,. p., 0Q. voc. mmU m c

Glofl. Lat. T. I. p. 7 4 g. 4 '

Cannula, or Canola, was alio a fort of firfhbn! throw* which they antiently fucked the wine in the eucharift. Schmd. loc. at Item, P. 3: p. 4?. Voc. f iphtn _ &fa c Ant. Lex. p. 263.

CANOE. See the article Ca now

CANONARCHA, or Canonarchus, K ; „ ;Ti, brKmi ^ a dignity in the Greek church, anfwering to the precentor" in the Latin, or chanter in the Engliih church. See Precen- tor and Chanter, Cycl.

The Word is formed from i*m arid «., yA beginning, or Govern- ing; in regard it belongs to this officer to fet the canons, or church hymns, and to direct the choir in finding them. Fabric. Bibl. Grac. 1. 5. c. 32. Du Can gei Gloili Gnec. T. 1. p.

A. like officer we alfo find in the antient monafteries, under the denomination evmnarcha, whoie buiinefs was to beat the feman- trum, or wooden inftrument, whereby the monks were called to the choir to fing canons. There appear to have been feveral camnarcoce in the fame monaftery. Sulc. Thef. Ecclef T 2 P- 33- feq- Du Gang,, loc. cit. Map: Not. Voc. Eccl.' p! 50. fafih. Vit. Patr. 1. 10. c. 11. and e. 10. Tfev. Diet Univ. T. 1. p. 1396.

CANONE alfifpiro, in the Italian mufic, a canon, the parts of which fucceed each other by a fofpiro, that is, the time of a crochet. Brojfard.

CANONICA, in philofophical hifiory, art appellation given by Epicurus .to his doctrine of logic.

It was called camnica, as confuting of a few canons, 6t rules' for directing the underflanding in the purfuit and know- ledge of truth.

Epicurus's camnica is reprefented as a very flight and in- efficient logic, by feveral antients" who put a great value cm his ethics and phyfics. Laertius " even affures, that the Epicureans rejected logic, as a fuperfluous fcience; and Plu- tarch = complains that Epicurus made an Onfkitftl and pre- pofterous ufe of fyllogifms. But thefe cenfures feem too fe- vere. Epicurus was not averfe to the ftudy of Iogi6, but even gave better rules in this art than other philofophers who aimed at no glory but that of logics. He only feems to have rejefled the dialeflics of the itoics, as full 'of vain fubtiltics and deceits, and fitted rather for parade and dif- putation than real ufe '._[• Cie. de Finib. 1. 1. c. 7. Kerri Acad, qua-ft. I.3. 1 Lrnri. 1. 10. Sec. 31. ■ A. Gil Nofl Att. 1. 2. c. 8. ' Gajmd.de Vit. etMorib. Epicur. 1 8 c 4' &c. 10. ;^.'r. Hift. Log. 1. 2. Sec. i:§. 16. Parem: Acad, p. 5+3, feq] See Dialectica, Cycl. The ftrefs of Epicurus's canomca coflfifts ih his doflrlne of the criteria of truth.

All queftions in philofopby are either concerning words or things : concerning things we feek their truth, concerning words their figmfication : Things are either natural or mo- ral ; and the former are cither perceived by fenfe, or by the undemanding. Hence, according to Epicurus, arife three cmenom of truth, viz. fenfe, anticipation, or promotion, and paffion. The great canon, or principle of Epicurus's 1 logic is, that the fenfes are never deceived ; and therefor" that every fenfation, or perception of an appearance is truJ! \\A.GaJfend. Synt. Phil. Epicur. P. 1. de orig. fcvarict tj' Stanl. Hill Philof. P. ,3. p. 35,. TtethaS, Iritrod. Phil! Auhc. c. 5. J, 18; feq. p. 106. feq. Wa'c. Inc. cit. Canonic A, «»,».«, is alfo ufed by fome antients to denote the art of mufic. A. Gcll. 1. 16. c. 18. Vojf. de quat. Art. Po-

pul. C 4. §. 2.

Canonica is more particularly ufed to denote that fpecies of mufic, which does not determine the intervals of founds by the ear, but by a cation, or ftretched chord. Vid Fto- km. Harm. 1. i.e. 8. Boot. deMuf.l. 1. c. 9. Vilruv V 1 c.l. ^Scient. Mathem.c. 19. §. 5. p. 8i;feq. SeeGA-

KON, Cycl. '

CANONICAL, fomething that belongs to, or partakes of the nature of a rule ot canon.

Canonical amounts to much the fame with what we otherwile call regular. Canonical obedience, is that fubmiffion which by the ecclefiafti- cal laws the inferior clergy are to pay to their bifhops; and re- ligious to their fuperiors. To theTextus Roffenfis are fubjolned feveral formulas of canonical obedience antiently paid by the £11- glifh, bifhops, not excepting the archbifhop of Yorkj to th» Archbifhop of Canterbury. Vid. Text. Roffens. Ed Hearn Oxon. 1720. 8vo. Bibl. Angl. T. 8. p. 342. See Obedi- ence. Canonical/m, in the antient church, thofe whhieh were capi- tal or mortal : Such especially were idolatry, adultery, murder herefy, andlchifrn. Du Pin, Bibl. Ecclef. T. 17. p. 231. Jour' des Scav, T. 52. p. 15. SeeSrv, Gic' '

6H ' Ca-