Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/445

 CAN

CAN

intervals ; butgrowingbigger, anil rriore troublefomc by degrees.

Degenerate Cancers, are thofe which fucceed obftinate, ill- managed tumors, or impofthumes. Thefe commence ulcerat- ed cancers, without ever having been occult biles. Le Clerc, Treat. Chir. Difc. c. 3.- art. 4. Comp. Surg. p. 123, fcq.

Cancer alius, the white -canief, is ufed by French writers for a white chalky recrement, fometirttes found adhering to the tongue,and internal parts of the mouths of children, and which, unlets timely brulhed away, is apt to ulcerate. Pare, Chlr. 1.

In which' fenfe it terns to amount to the fame v/itii aphtha, Call Lex. Med. p. 129- See Aphtha;, Cycl. and Suppl.

Cancer is alfo applied to a fpecies of bandage for the head, and divided into feveral parts, refembling the legs of a crab fifli. Gal. de Fafc. Cajl. Lex. Med. p. 1 29. See BandAge.

Cancer, in aftronomy, is the fourth conftellation in the Harry zodiack, and that from which one quadrant of the ecliptic takes its denomination. The reafon generally affigned for its-name! as well as figure, is a fuppofed refemblance which the fun's mo- tion in thi? fign bears to the crab fifh. As the latter walks backwards, fo the former in this part of his courfe begins to go backwards, or recede from us % though the difpofition of ftars in this fign is by others fuppofed to have given the firft hint to the representation of a crab \ — [» Phil. Tranf. N° 301. p. 2067. b Vital. Lex. Math. p. 90.]

Cancer is known by divers other mtncs,7\sOclipes,Nepo,A/lacus, Cammarus, Alfartan and /ifartan. Schiller, in lieu oftlie fi- gure of a crab, reprefents the evangelift St. John; HarfdorfF, the chrifKan in armour ; Wcigelius, the manger, or country- man's arms. Wo'f. Lex. Math. p. 301. Ephef. c. i. v. 14,

^ et l* Cancer, in the military art, denotes a long, ponderous beam,

ufed for boating down walls, not unlike the manner of a ram.

Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. 1. p. 157. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T.

1. p. 737. See Aries, Cycl. CANCEROUS, or Cancerose, fomething that belongs to, or

partakes of the nature and qualities of a cancer. See Cancer.

In which fenfe the word fignifies the fame with carcinomatous.

See Carcinomatous. Cancerous ulcer, is frequently ufed for an opctlcancer, or ^can- cer when come to an ulceration. Cancerous tumor is fometimes ufed for an occult cancer, or a

cancer before it burfts. Cancerous, or Cancriform, is alfo an apellation given toall

diforders which' bear a refemblance to cancers, yet are not ftrift-

]y fuch.

In this fenfe we fay a cancerous ulcer. See Ulcer, Cycl. and

Siippi.

Cancerous tumors beat a near affinity to fchirrous ones. When a fchirrhus comes to fupuratc, it it generally called a cancerous ulcer. Shaw, New Prad Phyf. p. 44 1, and 616. See Schir- rhus, Cycl. and Suppl.

CANCRIFORM, cancriformis, the fame with cancr aides, or can ceroits- See Cancerous.

Wedeliusgives a difcourfe of hard rebellious cancriform tumors. Epbem. Acad. N. C. Dec. 2. An. I. Obf. 12.

CANCRINE vcrfes, the fame with retrograde. Baill. Jugem. des Scav. T.4. P. 1. p- 50. See Retrograde, Cycl.

CANDELARIA, in botany, a name by which fome authors have called the great white mullein. Get: Emac. Ind. 2.

CANDERROS, in the materia medica, a name of an Eaft Indian gum, not much known among us, though fometimes import- ed. It has much of the appearance of common amber, only that it wants its yellow colour, being white and pellucid; we fometimes fee it turned into toys of various kinds, which are very light, and of a good polifh. Garcias and fome other authors teffus, that the people of Borneo,and fome other places where camphor is produced, have the art of adulterating the crude camphor, which they fend over to us with large quan- tities of this gum.

Kcaliger obferving that there is a kind of camphor called by authors canzuri, fuppofes that to be the kind thus adulterated with the canderros ; he fays that the camphor which is brought from theifland of Borneo has always a large quantity of foul- nefs and extraneous fubftances mixed among it ; particularly that'it contains fragments of Hones, and a large quantity of the gum canderros, which, he adds, is an oriental gum, refembling

amber. , ..

It is not probable, however, that this is the camphor called canzuri, becaufe this is always defenbed as the beft fort of camphor, which would fcarce be the caic, were it an adultera- ted kind ; it is more probable that it had this name from fome place called Canzur, where it was either produced, or brought to market. , .. ,

CANDIDATE (Cycl) — The white gown worn by candidates was loofe and ungirded, nor was there any clofe garment under it, which fome interpret as done with defign to avoid any fuf- picion people might have of bribery ; though Plutarch rather thinks it done to gain the affeaions of the people by filing in fuch an humble garb ; or elfe that fuch as had received wounds in the fervice of their country, might more eafily demonftrate thofe tokens of their courage'and fidelity. VM.Plut. inCoriol. Ftrrar. de re Veft. 1. i.e. U 8. Schoetg. Lex. Ant. p. 262. Sufpl. Vol, I,

Piti/c. Lex. Ant. T. i. p. 343, feq. {Cenn. Rom. Ant. Not- P. 2. 1. 5. c. 8. p. 30^, feq.

The Roman candidates ufually declared their pretenfions a year before the time of election, which was fpent in making intereft and gaining friends. Various arts of popularity were practifed for this pUrpofe, and frequent circuits made round the city, and vifits and compliments to all forts of perfons, the procefs of which formed what was called ambitus. See Ambitus C.,1 and Suppl. ' Cyl -

Candid ATiprincipis,were thofe who were recommen Offices by the emperors.

Thus fupported they needed not much to court the people, fo that their behaviour is reprefented as rather difobliging, atleaft negligent. Hence that jeft in Quintilian, L. Galiapilam ne- gligenter petente, fie inquit pelis tanqnam Caefaris candidates, i. e. He aimed at the ball with as much negligence as the emperors candidates did at honours. Quint. Lift. 1. 6. c. 3. Fitifc. Lex. Ant. T. r. p. 344. Scboetg. Lex. Ant. p. 262.

Candid ATV s principle, in antiquity, an office in the court of the emperor of Conitantinople, anfwering to a fecretary of irate among us.

The candidates principis was alfo denominated Quezjlor principle or Augujli. Briffon, Sel. Ant. 1. I. c. 16. Kenn. Ant. Rom. P.2.1. 3 .c. 8.p. ,.;.

Candidates of baptifm, in the anticnt church were called ca- techumens. See Catechumen, Cycl.

Candidates, in the colk-ge of phyfieians, London, is the order of members out of whom the fellows are chofen. See Coi.- lece, Cycl.

The candidates muff, be natives of England, doctors of phyfic, admitted to the degree in our own univerfities, and oug;ht td nave pracfifed phyfic four years before they are admitted into the order. The number of candidates is never to exceed twelve. Stat. Coll. Reg. Med. Lond- c. 1 1.

Candidate, in academical orders or degrees, denotes a perfon to whom, after full examination, and the performance of inau- gural exercifes, licence is granted to take up the higheff. or doc- toral dignity when he pleafes. Itter. de Honor, et Grad. Acad. c. 3. Kuji. Bibl. Nov. Libr. An. 1C9S. p. 481. See De- gree, Doctor, Licentiate, &c. Cycl.

CANDLE (Cycl.) — The afcent of the tallow up the wick in a burning candle, may be refolved into the fame principle of fil- tration, or attraction as that of water up a heap of afhes, or even up a capillary tube. The wick of a candle is but flightly twitted, that all its hairs may be eafily come at ; which beino- very fmall, and abounding infulphur, foon take the flame ; and the flame by its heat rarifying the air, and dilfolving the tallow underneath, makes the globules thereof afcend into the rarified fpaces of the wick, and thefe, with the air about it, prove food forthe flame. Hsught. Collect. T. 1. N" iq. p. 57. The flame of a candle is found to be hotter at the bottom, and the edges, than in the middle ; and hence it is, that holding a thread through the middle of the flame, it firft breaks or burns in a part where the edge of the flame touched, not in the mid- dle. Helmont and others compare the fenfitive foul or principle of life in animals to (.be flame of a candle. Hook, Microgr. Obf. 20. p. 4.29. Helm, de Lithias c. 9. n. 35. Several authors affert, that the flench of a tallow candle extin- guished, is of a poifonous nature, and is faid to promote abor- tion a ; Lanzoni gives an inffance of. a young man in liquor killed by the repeated application of the muff of a candle to his nofe, when afleep, by his comrades. After half an hour's practice, the youth was feized with a difficulty of breathing, and convulfions, and died the following night b . — [ a Amman* Medic. Crit. p. 367. Caft. Lex. Med. p. 129. b Epbem, Acad. N. C. Dec. 2. An. 9. Obf. 205.] ' The Roman candles were at firft Httle firings dipt in pitch, or furrounded with wax ; though afterwards they made them of the papyrus, covered hkewife with wax ; and fometimes alfo of rufhes, by ftripping off the outer rind, and only retaining the pith. —For religious offices, wax candies were ufed ; for vulgar ufes, thofe of tallow. Serv. ad JEnA. 1. v. 731. PU?u Hift. Nat. 1. 17. c.37.

Lord Bacon propofes candles of divers compofitions and ingre- dients, as alfo of different forts of wicks ; with experiments of the degrees of duration, and light of each. Good houfewives bury their candles in flour, or bran, which 'tis faid increafes their lading, almoft half" ; — Some fpeak of perpetual candles made of falamander's wool b . — [ B Bac. Natr, Hift. Cent. 4. § 369, fcq. Md. ibid. Cent. 8. §774] Candle-^-'^t. In Spain, the great candle. fnujfer is faid to be an officer of great dignity; he is called cfpavUlador waj.r. Trev. Did. Univ T. iTp. 1622. Shoemaker's Candle, a kind of double candle, compofed of two mould candies joined by clapping them together, when on the rod or broch, and cementing them ftiii further by giving them one or two dips in the melted tallow.

They are thus called becaufe chiefly ufed by die artificers of that denomination, to work by in thewinter nights. King's Candle, or Royal C and i e, denotes a very large fort of candle, made in a mould, and decorated with ornaments of painting and fadprure. Savor. Diet. Comm. T, j. p. 64.8. voc. Chanddle. 6 G Ru/b