Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/438

 CAM

T)ort to as to mate the two opinions confident. Du Pin, Bibl des Ant. Separ. T. 22. p 335, feq. Mem. de Trev. 1714- P . 626. -Le C/erc, Bibl. Univ. T< 4. p. 348.

CAMES, a name given to the fmall flender rods of caft-lead, of Which the glafeiers make their turned lead. Their lead being caft into flender rods of 12 or 14 inches long each,is called the came ; fometimes alfo they call each of thefe rods a came, which being afterwards drawn through their vice, makes their turned lead. Neve 9 Build. Diet, in voc.

CAMILLI and Camilla, in antiquity, boys and girls of in- genuous birth, who mlniftred in the facrifices of the gods ; and efpecially thole who attended the flamen dialis, or prieft of Ju- piter. Vid. Macrob. Saturn. I. 3. c. 8. Serv. ad Virg. /En. 1 II. v. 542. Feft. de Verb. Signif. p. 29. Scalig, in Fell. ejufd. Conject. ad Varr. Item, Caftigat. ad Propert. 1. 4. Pi~ tifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 334. Fab. Thef. p. 427. The word feems borrowed from the language of the antient He- trurians, where it fignified mlnifler, and was changed from cafmillus. Both. Hieroz. 1. 2. c. 36. Ejufd. Canaan; 1. i.e. 12. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. !. p. 1366.

The Tufcans alio gave the appellation Camillas to Mercury,"in quality of minifter of the gods.

CAMINf, or jww Camini, an American herb, the fame with what is other wife called Paraguay) or yerva con-palhs. Savor, Diet. Comm. p. 537. SeePARAGUAY.

CAMIS, or Kamis, in the Japoncfe theology, denote deified fouls of antient heroes, who are fuppofed ftill to intereft them- felves in the welfare of the people over whom they antiently commanded.

The camis anfwer to the heroes in the antient Greek and Ro- man theology, and are venerated like the faints in the modern Romifh church.

Beildes the heroes or camis beatified hy the confent of antiqui- ty, the mikaddos, or pontiffs, have deified many others, and continue ft ill to grant the apotheofis to new worthies ; fo that they fwarm with camis : the principal one is Tasfw Dai Sin, the common father of Japan, to whom are paid devotions and pilgrimages extraordinary. Kecntyf. Hilt. Japan, ap. Bibl. Aligl. T. 15. p. 58 and 64, feq.

CAMLET, a kind of fluff, otherwife called cambist. See the ar- ticle CaM13LET.

CAMLETINE, in commerce, denotes a Might, narrow kind of camblet, little valued. See Camel £T.

The name is alfo given to a flender fort of fluff made of hair mixed with wool, in imitation of a camblet. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. ^37.

CAMMUROS, in botany, a name given by fome of the old Writers to the poifonous plant called by the Romans acuta or hemlock.

Cacomoros was a common name among the Greeks for hem- lock, and this cammorcs is the fame word, only fpoke accord- ing to the Doric dialect.

As hemlock was a poifonous plant, it foon became a cuftom to qall other poifonous plants alfo by its namc,and cammorosbeczmc hence a name for the mandrake, and fome of the nightfhades, with fome autltors. Diofcor'ides has called one kind of aconite or wolf's -bane by this name, and others have adapted it to other ilich plants; but the more judicious have only given it as an ad- ditional epithet to thefe, exprcfling their being poifonous, and hiive added the peculiar name of the plant before it. Many of the moderns, and even fome among the antients,have erred greatly in confounding the cammoros with the cammaros. Hippocrates has mentioned this poifonous cammoros, and Galen reading it cammaros, or confounding it with that word, fays that Hippocrates cannot have meant to fay this of the root of the poifonous aconite of Diofcorides, called cammoros, (which however he certainly does mean) but of the infect which he ealls ca?n?r.nros, and which, he fays, is like a fmall fhrimp, and whole body refembles the figure of the root of this aconite. This is a very erroneous expofition of Galen, for the plant is certainly meant by Hippocrates, not the animal; and though the Greeks had two of the aconites whofe roots they faid re- fembled the bodies of animals, the one the fcorpion, and the other the fhrimp, being fringed with fmall fibres as that in- fect is with feet; the other* or fcorpion kind being bare ; yet the latter of thefe was never called emmmrus by any au- thor, though the former generally was.

CAMP (CycL) — The order and contrivance of the Roman camp was admirable. Its figure was a fquare divided into two principal parts : in the upper part, were the generals pavilion, or prsetorium, and the tents of the chief officers ; in the low- er, thofe of the inferior degree were placed. On one fide the praetorium flood the qucfrorium, or apart- ment of the treafurer of the army, and near this, the forum, both for a market-place, and the affembling of councils. On the other fide of tlie prsetorium were lodged the legati, and below it, the tribunes had their quarters, oppofite to their re- Jpecttve legions. Afide of the tribunes were the prasfecti of the foreign troops, over againfl their refpective wings; and behind thefe were the lodgments of the evocati, then thofe of the exttaordinarii and abiecti equitcs^ which concluded the higher part of the camp.

Between the two partitions was a fpot of ground called prin- fipia, for the altars and images of the gods, and probably al- io the chi.f enflgns.

CAM

The middle of the lower partition was afligned to the Rorriafi horfe ; next to whom were quartered the triarii, then the principes, and cloi'e by them the haftati ; afterwards the fo- reign horfe, and laftly, the foreign foot. Kcm. Rom. Ant. P. 2. i. 4. c. 12. p. an, feq.

They fortified their camp with a ditch and parapet, which thejr termed foffa and vallum : in the latter, fome diftincruifli two part;;, viz. the agger or earth, and the fudes or wooden flakes driven in to fecure it.

The camps were fometimes furrounded with walls made of hewn ftone; and the tents themfelves formed of the fame matter.

Mr. Thoresby gives the defcription of a Roman chide!, ufed in cutting ftones and other materials ferviceable for buildiiw their camps. Phil. Tranf. N° 323. p. 407. a

The Spartan camp was of a circular figure, which was pre- fenbed by Lycurgus as the bed fitted for defence, contrary to the Roman rule, whofe camps were always quadrangular. All angular forms were rejected by Lycurgus, by reafon the an- gles are neither fit for fervice, nor defenfible, u'nlefs guarded by a river, mountain, wall, or other work. Pitt. Archseo). Grec. 1. 3. c. 8. T. 7. p. 70.

In the Grecian camps, the mod valiant of the foldiers were placed at the extremities; the reft in the middle, that the ftronger might be as a guard to the weaker, and fuftain the hrft onfets. Thus Achilles and Ajax are polled by Homer at the ends of the Grecian camp before Trov, as bulwarks on each fide. Ham. II. h. v. 806.

In camps for continuance, they erefled altars to the Gods, places for public aflemblies, courts of jufiice, and the like According to Plutarch, the Lacedemonians alone had no "age-players, buffoons, dancers, or fongftrefles in their camps. Yet the Spartan lawgiver allowed his people greater liberty in the camp than in the city, to allure them to ferve with more de- light in the wars. Hence their exercifes were more moderate, their fare lefs hard, and their a&ions lefs feverely noted when 111 the field than at home; fo that they were the only people in the world to whom war gave repofe. Plut. in Cleom. Item, in Lycurg. Pott. Archaral. Gra:c. 1. 3. c.8. p. 72." Yet the magnificence of the Turkifh court appears more in the camp than in the feraglio : the tents of the great officers ap- pear fo many palaces, both for extent, ornament, and coftly furniture ; having all the accommodations both of city and country. Each grandee has two fets of tents ; one of which is advanced a conac, or days journey before the other ; fo that leaving one tent in the morning, they find another ready- furniihed in the evening.

In the front of the Turki/h camp are quartered the janizaries, and other foot, whofe tents encompafs their aga. In the rear are the quarters of the fpahis and other horfemen. The body of the camp is pofleffed by the (lately tents or pavilions of the vizier or general, reis effendi or chancellor, kahija or fteward, the tefterdar bafcha or lord treafurer, and kapif- ler kahiafee or mailer of the ceremonies. In the middle of thefe tents is a fpacious field, wherein are erected a building for the divan, and a hafna or treafury. Rycaut, Pref. Stat. Ottom. Emp. 1. 3. c. 1 1. p. 204. When the ground is marked out for a camp, all wait for the pitching of the tent ki'tac, the place where the courts of juf- tice are held ; it being the fituation of this that is to regulate the difpofition of all the reft. Marfigl. Stato Milit. °delle Imper. Ottom. c. 20. Mem.de Trev. 1733. p. 1 136. The Arabs ftill live in camps, as the antient Scenitcs did. The camp of affyne emir, or king of the country about Tadmor, is defcribed by a traveller who viewed it, as fpread over a very large plain, and poffefling fo vaft a fpace, that though he had the advantage of a rifing ground he could not fee the utmoft extent of it. His own tent was near the middle, fcarce di- ftinguirbable from the reft, except that it was bigger, being made, like the others, of a fort of hair-cloth. Phil. Tranf.

N° 218.

p. 154.

Flying Camp is ufed for the ground on which a flying body is encamped. Guill. Gent. Diet. P. 2. in voc.

Summer Camp, caftra xjiiva, among the Romans, was ordina- rily light and moveable; fo that they might be fet up or taken down, and removed in a night. In which cafe it was alfo called fimply caftra.

Standing Camp, cajlra Jiativa, was that wherein they defio-ned to continue longer in a place ; and therefore more pains°was taken to fortify and regulate it. Veget. de re milit. i. 3. c. 8. The Roman camps, in a march, were alfo called in the middle age manjiones. Horjl. Urit. Rom. 1. 1. c. 7. p. iqq, feq.

IVinttr Camp, cajlra hyberna, or winter quarters, were ufually taken up in fome city or town ; or elfe fo contrived as to make almoft a town of themfelves.

The Roman camps fometimes gave the otigin to cities, which were formed of them, and often took their denomination from thofe whofe camps they had been. This chiefly happened when an army continued long in a place, efpecially in the winter, where they were obliged to build many works, and fortify themfelves exactly. Thus the Cajlra Cornelia, a city of Africa, not far from Utica «, was originally the camp of Cor- nelius Scipio »._[« Caf. bell. civ. 1. 2. c. 25 and 27. " Liv; 1. 29. c. 35.1

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