Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/437

 CAM

C A M

The bird of paradife is fometimes called chameleon acruis, the aerial camseleon. Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. j. Sec. 4. p.

56.

There is fomethins; very extraordinary in the motion of the camerlesns tongue, which, in order to catch flics for the crea- ture's food, is darted out to fuch a length as even to equal that of the whole animal ; and on being drawn in, contracts again into a very fmall cempafs. To account for this in a mecha- nical way, is a problem not eafy to be folvcd, as there appear no mufcies adequate to the effect. Mr De la Hire, however, thinks the tongue of the camakon muff be provided with two kinds of mufclcs, the one circular,and the other longitudinal ; by the action of the former whereof it is extended, and by that of the latter contracted again. By this mecbanifm worms extend and contract themfelves in a no lefs remarkable proportion than the tongue of the cameekon. Vid. De la Hire Mecani- que, Prop. 1 \ . p. 240, feq

See further concerning the hiftory and phenomena of the 01- makon 9 Wheel. Voy.Greece, 1. 3. p. 239, feq. Bibl. Univ. T. i>. p. 236, feq. Jour, des Sc/av, T. 83. p. 494, feq. Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 1. Sec. 2. c. 3. p. 40, feq. Acad. Scien. Mem. for Nat. flirt. Anim. p. 17. feq. Extracts of which are given in Phil. Tranf. N° 49. p. 1,9 ', feq. Jour, des Scav. T. 2 - P 531> f et h $ u Harriet, Hift Acad. Sclent."!, r. Sect. 1 !. c. 2. p. i2'~, feq. See alfo Valifnieri, Iftoria del cameleonte Affricano, Venez. 17 1 5. ^° ; of which an extract is given in Giorn. de Letter d* Ital T. 2;. Art. 2, p. 2 8, feq. CAMELtTA bo-, in natural hiftory, the name of a fpecies of wild bull, defcribed by Gefnef, remarkable for having a bunch upon his back like that of the camel, and probably the fame with that of the bifon. Gefner, de Quad. CAMELLIA, in botany, a name given by Linnaeus to a genus of plants mentioned in Kempfer's Japan, under the name of tfubaki. The characters of the genus arethefe : the perianthi- tim is compofed of feveral leaves, and is of a roundim figure, and imbricated, being formed of a number of roundim fcalcs, the internal ones growing gradually larger than the others, and all of them hollowed and deciduous. The flower is compofed of five petals of an oval figure, and growing together at the bafe. The ftamina are a great num- ber of filaments that ftand erect, and are formed in the lower part into a fort of corona, which is larger than the ftyle. They are free at the top, and are fnorter than the flower ; the anthe- ras are fimple ; the piftil has a roundifh germen, the ityle is pointed, and of the fame length with the fiamina, and the ftig- ma is acute and bent j the fruit is a turbinated woody capfule, with fome furrows on its furface. Linn, Gen. PI. CAM ELOPARD ALUS, in zoology. See Zurnapa.

Camelopar.dai.us in aflronomy, a new conftellation of the northern hemifphere, formed by Hevelius, confifting of 32 ilars firft obferved by him, fituate between Cephcus, Caftio- peia,Perfeus,the two bears,and draco. Vid. Hevel. Firmam. So- biefc. fig. O. ejufd. Prodrom. Aftron. p. 27 8, feq. Wolf. Lex. Math. p. 297.

The name and figure are taken from thofe of an animal in ./Ethiopia, taller than an elephant, though not fo bulky ; in the head and neck refembling a camel, but fpottcd like a leopard : whence the denomination of camdop>a> dos, camehpardalus, or camelopardalis, q. d. camel-leopard. See Zurnapa. CAMELUS, the camel, in zoology. See Camel. CAMERA(CjT/.)--CAMERA^//ff,a contrivance for blowing the fire, for the fulicn of ores, without bellows ; by means of wa- ter falling through a funnel into a clofe velTel, which fends from it fo much air or vapour, as continually blows the fire : if there be the fpace of another veffel for it to expatiate in by the way, it there lets fall its humidity, which otherwifc might hinder the work. See Bellows, CycL and Suppl.

This contrivance was named camera Molia by Kircher. Hook, Phil. Coll. N°3. p. 8?. Camera fucida, a contrivance of Dr. Hook for making the image of any thing appear on a wall in a light room, either by day or night.

Oppofite to the place or wall, where the appearance is to be, make a hole of at ieaft a foot in diameter, or jf there be a high window with a cafement of this dimenfion in it; this will 60 much better without fuch hole, or cafement opened. At a conve nient diftance, to prevent its being perceived by the company in the room, place the object or picture intended to be reprefented, but in an inverted fituation. If the picture be tranfparent, re- flect the fun's rays by means of a lookjng glafs, fo as that they may pafs through it towards the place of reprefentation ; and to prevent any rays from pafiing afide it, let the picture be en- compafTed with fome board, or cloth. If the object be a ftatue, or a living creature, it muff be much enlightened by cafting the fun's rays on it, either by reflection, refraction, or both. Between this object and the place of reprefentation put a broad convex glafs ground to fuch a convexity as that it may reprc- fent the object diftinctly in fuch place. The nearer this is fi- tuate to the object, the more will the image be magnified on the wall, and the further the lefs ; fuch diverfsty depending on the Suppl. Vol. I.

difference of the fpheres of the giaffes. If the object cannot be conveniently inverted, there muft be two large giaffes of pro- per fpheres, fituate at fiiitable diftances, eafily found by trial to make the rcprefentations erect:. This whole apparatus of ob- ject, giaffes, &C. with the perfons employed in the manage- ment of them, are to be placed without the window or hole, io that they may not be perceived by the fpectators in the room, and the operation itfelf will be eafily performed.' Phil. Tranf. N° 38. p. 74.1, feq.

CAMERLINGO, or Camarlingo, the chamberlain of the pope's court, or he who has the adminiftration of the apoftolical chamber.

The word imports as much as keeper of the chamber, or trea- fure ; though the camerlinge has divers other jurifdictions which have no relation to the office of treafurer. The name anticnt- ly denoted a cubicularius, or gentleman of the bed-chamber ; but this is now exprefied by cameriere. Vocab. Acad. Crufc. T. z. p. T 5.

Thecamerlingo is the raoft confpicuous officer in the court of Rome; byreafon all the revenues of the holy fee are managed by the chamber of which he is prefident. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p 13^6.

This office was antiently performed by the ar chdeacon ofRome^ a dignity which was fupprefTed by pope Gregory the 7th, as of too great power and intcreft ; infomuch that he could often cdntroul the pontiff himfelf, and generally by his intrigues raifed himfelf to the papacy. In hisftead was placed a cardinal* under the title of camerlingo, who is affifted in bis function by twelve prelates called clerks of the chamber* clerici di camera. MagrU Notiz. de voc. ecclcs. p. 42. feq. Du Cange, GIofL" Lat. T. 1. p. 703.

The cardinal camerlir.go, on the death of a pope, docs not en- ter the conclave with the reft, to affift at the election of a new one, but flays without, keeps pofieffion of the pope's apart- • ments in the Vatican, and whenever he goes abroad is attended with the fwifs guards, like the pope himfelf \ He even coins money in his own name, and with his a^w arms ; and, in fine, is a kind of vice pope, governing the eccleiiaftical ftate during the vacancy of the holy fee b. — [*Trev. loc cit. b Mijt. Mifc. Lett T. 4. p. /3c. feq.

The cardinals have alfo their camcr'ingo, or treafurer of their college, diftinct fr- m that of the pope: the former is elected every year, whereas the latter is for life. The perfon chofe to this office has the receipt of ail the revenues belonging to the college, which he is to diflribute at the end of the year in equal portions to the cardinals then at Rome ; tbofe who arc abfent having no fhare therein after they have been fix months from court. Jour, des Scav. T. 37. p. 360. CAMERONIANS, a feet or party in Scotland who feparated from the prefbyterians in 1 666, and continued to hold their re- ligious afiemblics in the fields.

The camcroniam took the denomination from Richard Came- ron, a famous field preacher, who lefufing to accept the indul* gence to tender conferences, grantee by king Charles lid. as fuch an acceptance feemed an acknowledgment of the kind's fuprcmacy, and that he had before a right to filence them, made a defection from his brethren,and even headed a rebellion in which he was killed. His followers were never entirely re- duced till the revolution, when they voluntarily fubmitted to king William.

The cameroniam adhered rigidly to the form of government efta- blifhed in 1648. Vid. Bibl. Angl. T. 14. p. 240, feq. Camep.oniaks, orCAMERONiTES, is alfo the denomination of a party of calvinifts in France, who afierted that the will of man is only determined by the practical judgment of the mind ; that the caufe of mens doing good or evil proceeds from the knowledge which God infufes into them ; and that God does not move the will phyfically, but only morally, on virtue of its dependence on the judgment of the mind. They had this name from John Cameron, a famous profeflbr, firft at Glafgow, where he was born in 1 580, and afterwards at Bourdeaux, Sedan, and Saumur; at which Iaft place he broached his new doctrine of grace and free-will, which was followed by Amyraut, Cappel, Bochart, Daille, and others of the more learned among the reformed minifters, who judged Calvin's doctrine on thefe heads too harm. The camcromam are a fort of mitigated calvinifts, and approach to the opinion of the araiinians. They are alfo called umver* falilh, as holding the univerfality of Chrift's death ; and fome- times amyraldifls

The rigid adherents to the fvnod of Dort, accufed them of pe- lagianifm, and even manieheifm. The controverfy between the two parties was carried on with a zeal and fubtilty fcarce conceivable ; yet all the queftion between them was only, whe- ther the will of man is determined by the immediate action of God upon it, or by the intervention of a knowledge which God impreffes into the mind? The fynod of Dort had defined that God not only illumines the underftanding, but gives mo- tion to the will, by making an internal change therein. Ca- meron only admitted the illumination, whereby the mind is morally moved, and explained the fentiment of the fynod of 6 E ' Doit