Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/435

 Gal

Thus gold, filver, and qtiickfilver, Cannot be fo deflroyed by calcination, but that they may eafily be revived. So out of calx of tin, the tin itfelf may be reftored, and the like holds of the calx of lead, though the moft impure of all metals; and even of antimony, the firft. fubftance of which may be extracted either from its calx or even glafs. So that calcination in fuch bodies appears but imperfectly performed, many of the particles being fo little altered by it that they readily re-affiime their na- tural figure. Friend, Chym. Left. 2. p. 27, feq.

Calx is alio the produce of a metalline or mineral fubftance; confumed by corrofion, called pbilofopbical calcination. See Calcination and Corrosion.

In refpedt hereof, calces are of two kinds, one procured by ignition, the other by corrofion. The latter again are of dif- ferent fpecies, fome procured by immerflon, others by vapbur, or corrofive fumes. Kirch. Mund. Subter. I. 1 1. fedt. i.e. 6. T.2. p. 24?.

Calx viva philofopborum, denotes that made of quickfilver.

Calx, lime, is alfo made of the bones of large fifties, and from thefhells of buccina;, oifters, and the like burnt. This is more particularly called calx pcrcgrincrum and calx manica alia. Vi- iruv. Arch. 1. 11. c. 5. Piti/c. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 332. Fab. Thef. p. 42+. Rul. Lex. Alch. p. 130; Cajl. Lex. Med. p. 126.

CALYBI1 ES, Kotogmt;, the inhabitant of a cottage, an ap- pellation given to divers faints on account of their long re fidence in fome hut, by way of mortification. The word is formed from the Greek KotaiTO, tego, I cover ; Whence K«to|3», a little cot. — The Romlfh church commemo- rates St. John the calybites ort the 15th of December. Bel- land. k&. Sanfl. Jan. T. 1. p. 1029 & 103 1. DuCangi, Gloff. Grasc. T. 1. p. 558. Magr. Not. Voc. Eccl. p. 42. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1359.

CALYCIST.rE, among the botanical authors, fuch as have eftablifhed the claffes and diftinaions of plants upon the dif- ferences of the calix or cup of the flower, as Magnol. Lin- nedi, Fund. Bot. p. 2.

CALYCULUS, in antient naturalifts, denotes a filiqua or feed- cafe. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 20. c. 19. Item, 1. 27. c. 5. See Siliojja and Capsula.

CALYCULATED, an appellation given by fome naturalifts to the fruits of thofe trees which have the calyx of their flower non-deciduous, and whofe fruit Hands as in a cup. Dale, Pharmacol. 1. 2. cl. 3. p. 4. Phil. Tranf. N" 204. p. 928. See Calyx, Fruit, Plant, Tree, 13c.

CALYPTRA, among botanifts, a thin membranous involu- crum, ufually of a conic figure, which covers the parts of frufiification. The capfules of moft of the moffes have ca- lyptrts. See Mosses.

CALYX (Cy/.)— Calvx, among botanifts, a general term ex preffing the cup of flowers, or that part of a plant which fur- rounds, inclofes, or fupports the other parts of" the flower. The cups of flowers are very various in their ftruaure, and are diftinguifhed by the names of periantbium, involucnon. fpatha and gluma. See Perianthium, C5V. Botanifts diftinguifh two forts of calices, one external, called the calyx of the flower ; by the antients periant Mum, asencom- pafling the flower and feed ; the other internal, called the calyx of the fruit ; by the antients pcricarpiom, as being the capfule which compaffes the fruit, and is itfelf encompaffed by the petala.

The external calyx may alfo be divided into two forts, one which furrounds the flower, another which fuftains it, diffe- rent from the pedicle ; in that this latter fpreads itfelf under- neath the flower to give room for the nutritious juice to rife more freely ; the cavity of the pedicle enlarged, is reputed part of the calyx both external and internal. M. Magnol makes the calyx the charaaeriftic of plants, which, according to him, may be better diftinguifhed from the con' ditions and varieties of their calyces, than either of their pe tala or fruits. Some have only an external, others only an internal, fome furrounding, others a fupporting calyx, all which he makes fo many genera or claffes. Magnol, Nov. Charaa. Plantarum, Jour, des Scav. T. 76. p. 525, feq.

'iAuftta Calyx, in botany, a term ufed by authors to exprefs one kind of the perianthia of the compound flowers. A cup is thus called when it conflfts of a fingle and equal feries of fcales, which are of an oblong figure and furround the flowers ; and another fmall feries of fcales, which only fur- round thefe, clofc to the bafe.

Calyx. The antients have often ufed this word to exprefs the rofc when in the bud, and not yet fhewing its petals, except between the fegments of the cup.

Calyx, in antient aquaeduas, denoted a brazen module or cup. put over a head or caftellum, and to which pipes were fitted. Vid. Pitifi. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 330.

CAM^EA, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of the femi- pellucid gems, the characrers of which are thefe : They ate obfcurely tranfparent ftones approaching to the onyx ftruclure, being compofed of zones, and formed on a cryftalline balls. but having their zones very broad and thick, and laid alter- nately on one another with no other matter between. Bill' Hift. of Foff. p. 498. Of this genus we have four known fpecies.

CAL

The firft is that with broad zones of black and white Hied lT'"\J the ™ dernS > and **Arati m onyx by the "n- ™!, Th f 1S °» 1 >' ""ipofe-i °f alternate zones,' or plates of black and white; and thofe fo debafed by earth, that tl ev

hTs e fub e \ ta fh n f rV™ blc > ™»y - 1 '" l'-e written & thisfubjea: they differ, however, from marble, in that they will not ferment with acids,and will give fire with ileel • h that they are truely of a cryftalline bafis, and properly of the eem clafs Th,s ftone, ,n the hands of the lapidaries, make's a very -beautiful figure; for they cut a head or other fipure hi the black zone, and then cutting away all the reft of that fur- face, leave only a wh.te ground ; fo that it feems a bead of one fort of ftone fattened on a plafe of another; or elfe they cut then- figure through the black or outer zone to the white one and leaving the reft of the black zone oil, the figure looks a if painted white at the bottom.

Thefccond is the dull broad zoned green and white c TO ,called thejafi.cameo by the Italians. Seethe article Jaspicameo

i he third is the hard cameo, with broad white and chefnut coloured zones. This is a very elegant and beautiful fpecies, and though now not frequently found, muff have been very common among the antient Romans, fince many of tile an- tique figures are found engraved on it. It is compofed of zones, or plates only of two colours, the one a very bright white and the other a fine bright chefnut colour ; and fo much approaching to the nature and texture of the cornel-n that were thefe any cornelians known of that colour, one fhould readily declare thefe zones to be of the matter of thofe Hones.

u C ?„ „' S the hard M " 7C "> with hrmd zones of bluilh white and flefh colour, which was the fardonvx of Pliny's time I his is the moft elegant, and alfo the moft fcarce of all the gems of this kind; and though the common red fardonyc was the ftone called by that name in the earlicft a^es, yet, iri the days of Pliny, the fame name had been appropriated to this ftone, though of a different germs from that originally called fo. _ It, s of a very fine texture, and is always found mall ; it is compofed only of two forts of zones which are laid ,11 thick tables very regularly one over another; the one fort are of a bluifh white, or the colour of the common chal- cedony, the other of a fine pale red, and truly of the matter of the hneft pale cornelians. It is at prefent very fcarce be- ing found only in the Eaft-Indies, and there but verv rareiv Our jewellers are very little acquainted with it; but anion, the antient Romans it muft have been very common, many of the hue antique heads, in the cabinets o( the curious, being cut m it. The ftone moft frequent among our dealers in thefe tilings, under the name of the fardonvx, is no other r A 1 M S u fW a r ificia % ftai "ed. Hills Hift. of Foff P . 500;' CAMAHA, in the materia medica, a name given by Avicerma and others to the large truffles found in the defarts of Numi- cha, and many other parts of Africa, in great abundance, lnete are white on the outfide; the modern Africans call them terfon, and are very fond of them ; they eat them ftcw'd with milk, water, and fpices, and account them very whole- lorn and nutritive. Leo Afrkama. CAMAIETJ (Cycl. )-Thi, is alfo called gmdt'i the Latins- call it comma >•, fometimes comabutus and camahelus ; the Ita- lians cameo'. — [* J lm . paint, of Ant. 1. 1. c. 1. i>. ,,< DuCange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 690. voc. Comma. ' Me- nag. Orig. p. 151.]

Gattarel derives the word from the Hebrew cbetnaija, water of God, alluding to the appearance of waves vifible in feveral of thefe ftones ". Others chufe to deduce it from x"r"", a word frequently ufed by the Greeks to exprefs a thing low ; alludin* to the dents or carvings of thefe ftones, Or to tile cave-n° where they are found '.—[■■> Gattar. Curiof. Inou. c. <. p 76. b Menag. Orig. p. 151.] ' '

'Tis of thefe camayeui Pliny is to be underfiW when ha fpeaks of the manifold piaure of gems, and the party-coloured fpotsof precious ftones : Gcmmarum pi flora tarn multiplex, lo- pidomque tarn difeolores macula:. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 2. c. q-i. The fame naturalift rehearfes divers admirable inftanccs of fuch ftones; particularly that of king Pyrrhus, whereon were fecn the nine mufes, and Apollo holding a lute, each niufe with her peculiar attribute : The whole exprefied by fpots or flams fpread over the ftone by the hand of nature herfelf. Id. ib. 1. 37. c. 1. Solin. Polyhift. c. 12.

Gaffarel fpeaks of a figure of a crucifix at Venice, reprefented in a marble fo naturally, that the nails, the wounds, nay the Very drops of blood were exprefied.

Cardan will not allow thefe piaures to be the mere work of nature, that of Pyrrhus's ftone lie (iippofe's to have been firft painted by fome artift on marble, which being Jong ioft, and lying under ground, had changed its nature, and grown into an agate". Gaffarel treats it as a ridiculous conceit, to fuppofe all the ftones of this kind had been painted ; and refolves the whole after Albertus Magnus into the influence of the ftars ■ Whence it is that the camaieux are faid to be more frequent as the countries are hotter, by reafon the confieHations are there more powerful ". — [» Card, de Subtilit. 1, 7, » Mert. Trail. 3. c. 4. Gdffar. c. 5. p. 77. feq.] Camaieu is alfo frequently applied to any kind of gem, whereon figures may be engraven either inder.tedly, or in re- lievo.

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