Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/434

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latter, the will itfelf is made to give its confent ; fo that in the one cafe we aft voluntarily and out of choice, in the "other we are driven as by a phyfical impulfe, and a neceflity we are not able to reuflr.

But in reality, the irrefiftable grace of Calvin is the fame with the efficacious grace of Janfenius and the thomifts ; the dif- ference lying only in the terms. Calvin would have allowed that the will, ffirred and excited by grace* yields its confent, knd is brought to will and nill, by a fort of charm which does not violate its liberty ; at leaff. it is thus the modern cal- •vinifls explain the opinion of their leader 3. And what con- firms it is, that Calvin drew no confequenccs from his ne- ' ceffitating grace, which the predeterminants do not draw from their efficacious grace. 'Tis plain the neceflity Calvin ad- mits is only a neceflity ficundum quid) not an abfolute neceflity, Or a neceflity which docs not arife from the nature of the will, but from the nature of grace b . — [ a Bafn. Ouvr. des Scav. Juill. 1690. p. 479, &*!• b Mem deTrev. an. 1731. p. 112, feq.]

The cahtmjis in their progrefs have divided into various branches or teller fects ; as into remonflrants and contra-re- monftrants, or arminians and gpmarifts 5 into fupralapfarians and infralapfarians, particulariits and univerfalifts, cocceians and voetians, epifeopalians and prefbyterians. Vid, Bibl. Germ. T. 24. p. 158, feq.

Theepifcopal government, liturgy, and ceremonies retained in the Englifli church, were antiently a fore offence to the pure calvinijh of Geneva. But they are become of late better re- conciled to them, and now fpeak of epifcopacy and ceremo- nies in a ityle very different from that of Calvin and Beza : and the epifeopalians feem to meet the Genevois with open arms. This appears from a letter written in 1706, in the name of the church of Geneva, to the univerfity of Oxford ; and the anfwer of that univerfity the fame year. The prefbyterians in England, who retain the fame doctrine as well as difciplinc with thofe of Geneva, were fcandalifed at thofe proceedings ; apprehending an union intended between the epifeopalians and cahimjh of Geneva, of which they were to be the victim a ; and publifhed remarks on thofe let- ters, wherein they accufed mcflieurs of Geneva with a defec- tion from the principles of their predeceflbrs b. — [* "Jour, des Scav. T. 42. p. 437, feq. b Stricturas Breves inEpiftol. D D. Genevens. et Oxoniens. Lond. 1707. 4to.] CALUMET, among travellers, a my flic kind of pipe ufed by the American favages as the enfign of peace, and for religious fumigation.

The calumet is a fort of tobacco pipe, made of red, black, or white marble. The fhank is decorated with rounds of fea- thers and locks of hair, or porcupines quills : in it they fmoke in honour of the fun. F. Lafitau will have it to be the original caduceus of Mercury, of which that ufed by the Greeks and Romans, with its wings and its ferpents, was on- ly the copy.

The calumet, is the fymbol and fecurity of traffic ; by it they pronounce life and death, peace and war: they alfo afcribe to it a power of raifing the fouls of the dead. Mem. de Trev. An. I725. p. 216, feq. Trev. Did. Univ. T. 1. p. 1358, feq. See Caduceus, Cyel. and Supph CALUMNY, the crime of accufing another falfely, and know- ingly of fame heinous offence. Cahannia ejl nuditwfa 13 ?ncn- dax informaho. Cbauv. Lex. Philof. p. 90. Norn Marcell, c. 4. §. 74.

It is an antient maxim, which experience fliews but too much truth in, jfudaeler calumniare, femper aliqu'ul hevrebit. Bacon, dc AUgm. Scient. 1. 8. c. 2. Oath of Calumny, 'furamenturn, or rather 'Jnsjurandum ca~ lumviez, among civilians and canonifts, was an oath which both parties in a caufe were obliged to take j the plaintiff, that he did not bring his charge, and the defendant, that he did not deny it with a defign to abufe each other, but becaufe they believed their caufe was juft and good a ; that they would not deny the truth nor create unnecefiary delays, nor offer the ' judge or evidence any gifts or bribes. If the plaintiff refufed this oath, the complaint or libel was difmifled ; if the de- fendant, it was taken pro confeffb b. — [ a Kenn. Rom. Ant. Not. P. 2. 1. 3. c. 17. p. 136. b trwdi Lift. Imp. Law. I. 4. c. 1. p. 297.]

'J his cuftom was taken from the antient athlete, who, before they engaged, were to ("wear that they had no malice, nor would ufe any fraudulent or unfair means for overcoming the other. Pitijc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 331. The jut -anient 'urn calumnies is much difufed, as a great occafion of perjury. Wood, lib. cit. c. 3. p. 314. Antiently the advocates and proctors alfo took this oath ; but of late it'is difpenfed with, and thought fufficient that they take it once for all at their nrft admiflion to practice. Judicium Calumnije was an action brought againft the plain- tiff in a court for a falfeand malicious accufation. Kenn, Rom. Ant. Not. P. 2. 1. 3. c. 17. p. 137.

Where an accufer did not prove his charge, nor feemed to have fufficient or probable grounds for bringing any, the judges in pronouncing fentence ufed the formula cahminiofus cs ; which gave the defendant a right to bring an action of calumny ; the penalty of which was fronth inujlio, or burning on the fore-

head. Vid. Pitifc. Lex. Ant- T. 1. p\ 331. Cah. Lex. jut.

CALX (Cyel.)— The more imperfect metals are all extremely fubject to be reduced to calxes, and receive a deftructive change in the fire. This is no where more evidently Ceen than in the

operation of cupelling ; in which we find thefe metals

very

readily burning to afh.es, or elfe running into glafs with the lead.

On this difpofition of metals, indeed, the whole aft of cu- pelling depends ; but by the contriving to melt thefe metals in contact with coals, their metallic form is greatly preferved, efpecially as the flony verifiable matter, wherewith fych ores are ufua'Hy mixed, occafions them, by their clinging nature, to unite more intimately with the glowing coals. This doctrine receives a remarkable confirmation from the ufual method of recovering metals burnt to afhes at the fmelt- ing furnace ; for if the litharge blown off in tefting, or even the glafs of lead, or the afhes of any other of the imperfect metals be only melted in contact with" charcoal, the calx im- mediately re-affumes its former metalline flatc ; and the fame thing is alfo effected by adding any un&uous or inflammable matter. Whence it feems to be the unctuous or inflammable matter of the coals which thus infmuating itfelf into the nte* tallincftf/ax, reftores their metallic nature. Sbaiv's Lectures, p. z 74 ._ Calx ant'nncnii, a name given in the late London difpenfatory to the preparation of antimony, called before antimonium diaphoreii- cum* This is made by mixing antimony with three times its weight of nitre, throwing it into a hot crucible ; and when removed from the fire, warning it both from its falts and from fuch parts as have not been well calcined ; the wafhing is to be continued till the water come away taffelefs, and the finer part feparated for ufe by pouring off the water turbid, and leav- ing the coarfe particles behind, taking only the fediment of this water. Pemberteon's Lond. Difp. p. 233. Calx nativa, in natural hiftory, a native marley earth, which, without burning, has fome of the qualities of the artificial lime, and was called by the antients, gypfwn tymphaicttm. It is a hard, dry, and fomewhat coaife earth ; it never conftrtutcs a flratum of itfelf, but is fometimes found in the figures of other ffrata, and fometimes lying loofe upon or among the laxer ftrata of gravel and the like. It is ufually found in mailes of two, three, or four inches in diameter, of irregular furfaces, and generally flatiih. It is of a dead whitifh colour, with fome faint admixtures of a greyifh brown; it breaks with a rough furfacc, is harfh to the touch, adheres very firm- ly to the tongue, and does not ftain the hands ; it is of a harfh difagreeable tafte, and if thrown into water it makes a con- fiderable bubbling and hifllng noife, and has, without previous burning, the quality of making a cement like lime, or planer of Paris ; it makes a confiderable efforvefcence with aqua for- tis, and in burning acquires a pure and fine white. Thefe are the characters by which this is diflinguifhed from all other earths. It is found in fome parts of England, and appears to have been well known to the antients, and in common ufe among them about cloaths. Hill's Hifl. of Foffils, p. 42. Calx, or&rCALCis, in anatomy, the fame with calcaneunia

See Cai.canf.um. Calx/sIis, denotes calcined gold. See Gold. Calx kma^ the calx of filver. See Silver. Calx mercurii, precipitated mercury. See Mercury; Calx veneris, verdigreafe. See Verdigrease. Calx martis, the crocus or faffron of iron. See Iron". Calx jovis, the calx of tin. See Tin.

QAlxfatumi, is cerufe calcined with fpirit of vinegar, or in tha fun. Jfaac. Oper. Miner, c. 42. Theat. Chym. T. 3; p. 297. Calx faturni, is alfo ufed for minium or red lead. Teicfoney'. In- flit. Chem. P. 2, c. 11. p. 162, feq. Junck. Lex. Pharm; P. 1. p. 78, feq. See Minium. Calx ww, quick-lime, that on which no water has been can: fmce its burning, in oppofition to calx extinila, that flackcH by the efFufion of water. Plin. Hift. Nat. I. 29. c. 3. & I. 36. c. 23. See Ltme, Cyel. and Suppl. Paracelfus calls the bolar and argillaceous earths, calces terra^ as chalk. See Bole and Chalk.

The fame author alfo gives the denomination calx to the chalky matter formed in the joints of gouty perfons. Caft, Lex. Med. p. 126, feq.

Calxes differ from afhes net only as the former is the effect of calcination, and the latter of mere burning, but as the former is of a more folid confidence than the latter; and that the bodies reduced to a calx, as metals and minerals, may fre- quently be reflored out of thefe calces; which can never be done out of the afhes of wood and other bodies confumed by burning. Cafat. Diff. 10. de igne ap. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 12. p. i7g. See Burning and Calcination. Calxes are divided into reducible and irreducible, fixed and volatile. Chemifts fpeak of fire retained and fixed in all cal- ces*, of fixed fait procurable from calces b. — [ a Hift. Acad. Sciene. An. 17 12. p. 56, feq. b Hifl. Acad. Sciene. L 4. feet. 6. c. 3.] See Fire, Salt and Lime. Many metals and fome minerals, whofe parts are moft homo- geneous, do not appear to lofe their .nature with their form. i 1 Thus