Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/432

 CAL

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■Solin. p. 713, feq. Mercat. Metalloth. p. 261. IFdodw, Nat. Hift. Eng. Foil'. T. 1. p. 23,-. See Geodes and Enhydros.

CaIJJNG the heuji, in a parliamentary fenfe, has been fome- times practifed, to difcover whether there be any in the houfe not returned by the clerk of the crown ; but more frequently to difcover what members are abfent without leave of the houfe, or juft caufe.

In the former cafe, the names of the members being called over, every perfon anfwers to his name, and departs out of thehoufe, in the order wherein he is called. In the latter, each perfon Hands up, uncovered at the mention of his name. Memor. of Proceed, of Pari. c. 13. p. 84, feq.

CALLION, in botany, a name given by Pliny, and fome other authors to the alkekengi, or winter cherry. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. Some of the Greeks called it alfo cyjlis, from its fruit being wrapped in a kind of bag or bladder, but the general name was halilcaccabum.

'CALLIONYMUM, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the lilly of the valley. Ger. Emac. Ind. z. 322.

CALLIONYMUS, in zoology, a name ufed by Appian and (ome other authors for the fifth called the urcmo/copus^or the ftar- gazer. Dales Pharm. p. 376. WMughby, Hift. Pifc. p. 287.

CALLIP/EDIA, KaWiHrai&w, the art of getting or breeding fine and beautiful children.

The word is formed from "xctM& fair, and ttxh puer, either boy or girl.

We find divers rules and practices relating to this art, in an- tient and modern writers : Among the magi, a fort of medi- cines called crmefia was prefcribed to pregnant women, as a means of producing a beautiful iflue. Of this kind were the kernels of pine nuts ground with honey, myrrh, faffron, palm wine, and milk. Gorr. Med. DefF. p. 156. Cajl. Lex. Med. p.

The Jews are faid to have been fo folicitous about the beauty of their children, that care was taken to have fome very beau- tiful child (fuch as was Jochanan the difciple ofjudah, author of the mifchna) placed at the door of the public baths, that the women at going out being ftruck with his appearance, and retaining the idea, might all have children as fine as he. Baf- nage, Hift. des Juifs, 1. 6 p. 2. Jour, des Scav. T. 37. p. 99. The Chinefe takeftill greater care of their breeding women, to prevent uncouth objects of any kind from (biking either their fenfe or imagination : muficians are retained to entertain them nightly with agreeable fongs or odes, in which are fet forth all the duties and comforts of the conjugal and domeftic life; that the infant may take good impreffions even before it is born, and not only come forth agreeably formed in body, but wclldifpof- ed in mind. Wolf, Orat. de Sinar. Phil. PracL ap. Aft. Erud. Lipf. 1726. p. 238.

Callipezdia-, neverthelefs, feems to have been firft erected in- to a juft art by Claude Quillet de Chinon, a French abbot, who under the fictitious name of Calvidus Lzetus, has publifhcd a fine latin poem, in four books,under the title of cellipesdia 9 feu depitkhres prolis habmdev ratione ; wherein are contained al! the precepts of that new art. Lugd. Bat. 1655, 8vo. Paris, i6s6, 8vo. and Lond. 1708, 8vo. In which laft edit, feveral verfes

,. were reftored, which the author at the requeft of cardinal Ma- zarin had omit.ed in the Paris edit. 1 665. Jour, des Scav. T. 41. p. 214. Morhcf, Polyhift. Liter. I. 2. c. 1. p. 323, A£t. Erud. Lipf. 1725. p. go. Monnoy, Not. ad Baill. Jugera. des Scav. T. 4. P. 2. p. 300, feq.

CALLISTIA, Ka7tfur««, in antiquity, a Lefbian feftival, wherein the women presented themfelvcs in Juno's temple, and the prize was affigned to the faireft.

The word is formed from the greek xatt^, beauty, q. d. beau- ty's rewards. The like conteft of beauty was held at the fefti- val of Ceres Eleufinia, among the Parrhahans, firft fet on foot by Cypfelus, whofe wife Herodice was honoured with the firft prize. Another obtained among the Eleans, where the conteft was among the men, the moft beautiful of whom was prefented with a fuit of armour which he confecrated to Minerva, to whofe temple he walked in proceflion, adorned with ribbons, and crowned with a myrtle garland. Athen. Deipnof. 1. 12. MeurS) Gnec. Faeriat. de Fasft. Grasc. 1. 3. c. 2. Pott, Arch. Grasc. I. 2. c. 20. p. 407.

CALLOSUM corpus, in anatomy, denotes a part in the medulla of the brain of a white colour, and a texture fomewhat harder and more compact than the reft ; approaching to that of a cal- lus. V. Betrthol. Anat. 1. 3. c. 6. WUlis y Anat. Cerebr. c. 10. n. 5. Malplghi, de Cerebr. Cajl. Lex.Med. p. 125, feq. The corpus callofum runs along the whole tract of the falx ; at the extremity next the cerebellum it fends out two prpcefles, whofe juncture conftitutes the fornix ; under which lies the fcptumlucidum. Drak. Anthrop. 1. 3. c. 3. p. 275. The corpus callofum is an afiemblage of bundles of fibres fpring- ing from the glands, which compafs the cineritious part, and ferving as excretory duels thereto: thefe fibres as defcendino- towards the medulla oblongata, all meet there ; and ferve to connect the lobes of the brain. . SigniorLancifi makes the cor- pus callofum to be the immediate feat of the foul. Malpigh, Dili, de fede Cogitant. Anim. Mem. deTrev. 17 17. p. 1474.

CALLOUS, caliofus, fomething of the nature or confiftence of a callus. See Callus Cycl. and Suppl Phyficians fpeak of callous nodes or excrefcenccs, 3 callous ulcers,

and the Iike b ; — [* Ephem. Acad. N. C. dec. 1. an. 6. obf. 101. b Jumky Comp. Chir. p. 257.]

Callous eggs* ova caltofa, the longer and better fort, fuppofed to contain maie chicks ; having a denier white, and richer fla- vour than the reft. Her. 1. 2. Sat. 4. v. 14. Fab. Tluf. p. 417. See Eggs.

CALLUS {Cycl) — In cafes of fractures, when the bones are properly replaced, and care taken to preferve them in that fili- ation, the furgeon has done his part, and nature provides for the reft, by fupplying the divided parts with a eelkrs, which fweats out from the fmall arteries, and bony fibres of the divid- ed parts in form of a vifcous liquid matter or jelly, and foon fills up the chinks and cavities between them : this firft ap- pears of a cartilaginous fubftance, but atlength it becomes quite bony, and joins the fractured parts fo firmly together, that the limb will make a greater refiftance to any external violence in that than in any other part.

But as the new flefli in wounds will frequently fprout up too faft, fo will alfo the callus in fractures ; and by this means ren- der the limb uneven and deformed. The only methods that can be taken to prevent the callus from exceeding its due bounds, are to make the bandage fomewhat tighter than ordi- nary, and wet it with fpirit of wine, for by this means the cal- lus is not only often kept within its due hounds, but the indu- ration of it is alfo mucin forwarded ; but when once the callu* is indurated, we have no medicines by which it can be taken down or deftroyed. Hdftcrh Surg. p. 1 15. Callus microfcophally examined. "Mr. Lewenhoek examining the callus form'd on the hands and feet, obferved that it was a fubftance compofed of feveral layers of particles fo loofely con- nected, that it was a wonder they could hang together ; 011 putting a piece of this into fair water, after it had ftood a con- fiderable time to fteep, he found that the particles of which it was compofed would eafily feparate from one another with a little touch of a quill, and thefe feparated particles put into a drop of water, and examined before the microfcope, were; found to be all of the fame regular lhape, which was like that of a weaver's fhuttle, being broad in the middle, and pointed at each end, with a line in the middle like thofe upon the upper- most or outfide fkins of fruits, or of our bodies, but generally irregular. Thefe pieces were thick in proportion to their fize, and when they are put into water, and feparated again, they naturally form a great number of other particles, all of which are of the fame regular figure with the original piece. Phil. Tranf. N° 373. p. 160.

By this we fee the reafon of the increafe in thicknefs of the fkin of the hands of thofe who labour hard, and of the feet of fuch people as walk much, which is wholly owing to the addi- tion of vaft numbers of thefe fhuttle-like particles which form combinations together, but thofe fo loofely, that it is no won- der they are fo eafily feparated on moiftening; and in carefully examining pieces of this thick fkin tranfverfely cut, we may fee that they are ompofed of feveral layers of diffe- rent thicknefles, which have been added from time to time, and that each of thefe layers is only a congeries of an almoft infinite number of thefe parts.

The ealtous fkin for thefe examinations muft not be cut from? the hands of thofe perfons who ufe extreme hard labour, fuch asmafonsand the like, for in them by the continual preflino- the hand upon hard bodies, the feveral particles of which thefe callous layers are compofed are prefled down fo clofely upon one another, that no art is able to feparate them, and all that can be difcovered by a view of fuch fkin is, the diftinct layers of which its thick parts are compofed.

The people who labour ever fo hard will have no callus upon- their hands, if they walk them often ; the walking the hands daily rubs off a great quantity of thefe particles or fcales if they may be fo called, but they are quickly renewed, and fo much of them muft come off on occafions of rubbing, that we muft ne- ceflarily eat every day a large quantity of thofe from our cooks hands among our food, and have them turn with it to digeftion. It is amazing to fee the vaft quantities of thefe fcales which arc daily thrown off from our hands and feet, though from no- other part of the body, and we may learn from this the great bounty of nature to us in fo carefully fupplying thofe parts which are deftined for walking or labour, with an additional matter for their defence, which is not in any other part of the body.

Callus is by fome alfo applied to thofe knots or tophaceous nodes generated in the joints of gouty patients. Caji. Lex. Med. p. 125, voc. Callofitas. See Tophus, Node, csV. Cycl.

Callus is alfo efpeciaHy ufed to denote a hardnefs of the eye- brows, occafioned by the congeftion of an acid, or tartareous juice therein. Scrib. Larg. n. 26, feq. Sennert. Med. Pract. 1. 1. P. 3. feet. 2. c, 3. Caft. Lex. Med. p. 125. Paracelfus alfo gives the denomination callus, to an abfeefs or ulcer, caufed by the acrimonious or arfenical quality of the nutricious juice, and exciting a vehement itching. Paraceif. Chirurg. Tr. de Ulcer, c. 59, feq. Cajl. loc. cit.

CAIX\ CHI HIS, in zoology, the name of a broad and fiat fea-fijh, brought to market' at Rome under the name of the lampuga, and commonly called the Jlrotnateus; and by the Venetians thcllcette. Gffiier, dc pifc. p. 1109. .Seethe article Strqm ate us.

CALLIONYMUS,